What are the Health Benefits of Huel?

'Is Huel healthy?' is a question we get asked a lot – here are just a few reasons why Huel is good for you.

First things first – we know that health claims aren’t sexy or fun, but science and nutrition are at the heart of what we do at Huel, so it's pretty important that we walk the walk when it comes to talking about how healthy Huel is.

Each of the vitamins, minerals and nutrients in every Huel meal has a role to play in helping your body run smoothly. Each one of these health benefits – and they vary between all the different Huel products – has been scientifically backed and EU-approved, and we've broken them all down so you don't have to.

The nutritionals and thereby the number of health claims may vary between flavours of each Huel product type.

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The Health Benefits of Huel

1. Alpha-linolenic acid

What it does: May help maintain normal cholesterol levels¹,²

Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein and Complete Nutrition Bar

2. Linoleic acid

What it does: May help manage cholesterol levels already within a normal range as part of an overall healthy diet³,⁴

Products: Huel Powder v3.1, Black Edition, and Huel Essential

3. Biotin

What it does: Plays a role in important metabolic functions⁵,⁶

Products: All Huel products

4. Biotin

What it does: Helps support a healthy nervous system⁵,⁶

Products: All Huel products

5. Biotin

What it does: Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism⁵,⁶

Products: All Huel products

6. Biotin

What it does: Contributes to the maintenance of normal hair⁵,⁶

Products: All Huel products

7. Biotin

What it does: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes⁵,⁶

Products: All Huel products

8. Biotin

What it does: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin⁵,⁶

Products: All Huel products

9. Calcium

What it does: Contributes to normal blood clotting⁷,⁸

Products: All Huel products

10. Calcium

What it does: Helps support metabolic functions⁸,⁹

Products: All Huel products

11. Calcium

What it does: Contributes to normal muscle function⁸,⁹

Products: All Huel products

12. Calcium

What it does: Helps support a healthy nervous system⁸,⁹

Products: All Huel products

13. Calcium

What it does: Contributes to the normal function of digestive enzymes⁸,⁹

Products: All Huel products

14. Calcium

What it does: Plays an important role in normal cell division⁸,⁹

Products: All Huel products

15. Calcium

What it does: Needed for the maintenance of normal bones⁸,⁹

Products: All Huel products

16. Calcium

What it does: Builds strong bones⁸,⁹

Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein and Complete Nutrition Bar

17. Calcium

What it does: Is needed for the maintenance of normal teeth⁸,⁹

Products: All Huel products

18. Chloride

What it does: Helps contribute to normal digestion¹¹

Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens

19. Choline

What it does: Contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism¹²

Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens

20. Choline

What it does: Contributes to normal lipid metabolism¹²,¹³

Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens

21. Choline

What it does: Helps support a healthy liver¹²,¹³

Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens

22. Chromium

What it does: Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism¹⁴,¹⁵

Products: All Huel products

23. Chromium

What it does: Helps maintain blood glucose levels already in the normal range¹⁴,¹⁵

Products: All Huel products

24. Copper

What it does: Helps support healthy connective tissues¹⁶,¹⁷

Products: All Huel products

25. Copper

What it does: Plays a role in cellular energy production¹⁶,¹⁷

Products: All Huel products

26. Copper

What it does: Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system¹⁶,¹⁷

Products: All Huel products

27. Copper

What it does: Contributes to normal hair pigmentation¹⁶,¹⁷

Products: All Huel products

28. Copper

What it does: Contributes to normal iron transport in the body¹⁶,¹⁷

Products: All Huel products

29. Copper

What it does: Contributes to normal skin pigmentation¹⁶,¹⁷

Products: All Huel products

30. Copper

What it does: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system¹⁶,¹⁷

Products: All Huel products

31. Copper

What it does: Is a known antioxidant¹⁶,¹⁷

Products: All Huel products

32. Folate

What it does: Helps support a healthy pregnancy¹⁸,¹⁹

Products: All Huel products

33. Folate

What it does: Contributes to normal amino acid synthesis¹⁸,²⁰

Products: All Huel products

34. Folate

What it does: Helps support healthy red blood cells¹⁸,²⁰

Products: All Huel products

35. Folate

What it does: Contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism¹⁸,²⁰

Products: All Huel products

36. Folate

What it does: Helps support healthy brain function²⁰,²¹

Products: All Huel products

37. Folate

What it does: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system¹⁸,²⁰

Products: All Huel products

38. Folate

What it does: Helps support cell production and maintenance¹⁸,²⁰

Products: All Huel products

39. Iodine

What it does: Plays a critical role in healthy metabolic activity²²,²³

Products: All Huel products

40. Iodine

What it does: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin²²

Products: All Huel products

41. Iodine

Nutrient: Iodine

Claim: Helps maintain thyroid health^{22, 23}

Products: All Huel products

42. Iron

Nutrient: Iron

Claim: Supports brain health^{24, 25}

Products: All Huel products

43. Iron

Nutrient: Iron

Claim: Plays a critical role in muscle metabolism^{24, 25}

Products: All Huel products

44. Iron

Nutrient: Iron

Claim: Contributes to normal formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin^{24, 25}

Products: All Huel products

45. Iron

Nutrient: Iron

Claim: Contributes to normal oxygen transport in the body^{24, 25}

Products: All Huel products

46. Iron

Nutrient: Iron

Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system^{24, 25}

Products: All Huel products

47. Iron

Nutrient: Iron

Claim: Plays a role in energy production^{24, 25}

Products: All Huel products

48. Iron

Nutrient: Iron

Claim: Helps support cell production and maintenance^{24, 25}

Products: All Huel products

49. Magnesium

Nutrient: Magnesium

Claim: Contributes to electrolyte balance²⁶

Products: All Huel products

50. Magnesium

Nutrient: Magnesium

Claim: Plays an important role in glucose metabolism^{27, 28}

Products: All Huel products

51. Magnesium

Nutrient: Magnesium

Claim: Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system^{27, 28}

Products: All Huel products

52. Magnesium

Nutrient: Magnesium

Claim: Contributes to normal muscle function^{27, 28}

Products: All Huel products

53. Magnesium

Nutrient: Magnesium

Claim: Contributes to normal protein synthesis^{27, 28}

Products: All Huel products

54. Magnesium

Nutrient: Magnesium

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones^{27, 28}

Products: All Huel products

55. Magnesium

Nutrient: Magnesium

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal teeth²⁷

Products: All Huel products

56. Magnesium

Nutrient: Magnesium

Claim: Helps support cell production and maintenance^{27, 28}

Products: All Huel products

57. Manganese

Nutrient: Manganese

Claim: Helps support metabolic functions^{29, 30}

Products: All Huel products

58. Manganese

Nutrient: Manganese

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones^{29, 30}

Products: All Huel products

59. Manganese

Nutrient: Manganese

Claim: Helps support bone health²⁹

Products: All Huel products

60. Manganese

Nutrient: Manganese

Claim: Helps support joint health²⁹

Products: All Huel products

61. Manganese

Nutrient: Manganese

Claim: Is known to provide antioxidant support^{29, 30}

Products: All Huel products

62. Molybdenum

Nutrient: Molybdenum

Claim: Helps support metabolic functions^{31, 32}

Products: All Huel products

63. Niacin

Nutrient: Niacin

Claim: Helps support metabolic functions^{33, 34}

Products: All Huel products

64. Niacin

Nutrient: Niacin

Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system^{33, 34}

Products: All Huel products

65. Niacin

Nutrient: Niacin

Claim: Helps support brain health^{33, 35}

Products: All Huel products

66. Niacin

Nutrient: Niacin

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes³³

Products: All Huel products

67. Niacin

Nutrient: Niacin

Claim: Helps support healthy skin^{33, 34}

Products: All Huel products

68. Niacin

Nutrient: Niacin

Claim: Helps convert nutrients into cellular energy^{33, 34}

Products: All Huel products

69. Pantothenic Acid

Nutrient: Pantothenic Acid

Claim: Helps support metabolic functions^{35, 36}

Products: All Huel products

70. Pantothenic Acid

Nutrient: Pantothenic Acid

Claim: Contributes to normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamin D^{35, 37}

Products: All Huel products

71. Phosphorus

Nutrient: Phosphorus

Claim: Helps support metabolic functions^{38, 39}

Products: All Huel products

72. Phosphorus

Nutrient: Phosphorus

Claim: Is an essential structural component of cell membranes^{38, 39}

Products: All Huel products

73. Phosphorus

Nutrient: Phosphorus

Claim: Supports bone health^{38, 39}

Products: All Huel products

74. Phosphorus

Nutrient: Phosphorus

Claim: Supports healthy teeth^{38, 39}

Products: All Huel products

75. Potassium

Nutrient: Potassium

Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system^{40, 41}

Products: All Huel products

76. Potassium

Nutrient: Potassium

Claim: Helps support muscle function^{40, 41}

Products: All Huel products

77. Potassium

Nutrient: Potassium

Claim: May help support blood pressure readings already in the normal range as part of a healthy diet^{40, 41}

Products: All Huel products

78. Protein

Nutrient: Protein

Claim: Helps support the growth of healthy muscles^{42, 43}

Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens

79. Protein

Nutrient: Protein

Claim: Helps support the maintenance of healthy muscles^{42, 43}

Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens

80. Protein

Nutrient: Protein

Claim: Helps support healthy bones^{42, 43}

Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens

81. Protein

Nutrient: Protein

Claim: Contributes to feelings of fullness^{44, 45}

Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens

82. Riboflavin

Nutrient: Riboflavin

Claim: Helps support metabolic functions^{46, 47}

Products: All Huel products

83. Riboflavin

Nutrient: Riboflavin

Claim: Supports cellular energy production^{46, 47}

Products: All Huel products

84. Riboflavin

Nutrient: Riboflavin

Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system^{46, 47}

Products: All Huel products

85. Riboflavin

Nutrient: Riboflavin

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes^{46, 48}

Products: All Huel products

86. Riboflavin

Nutrient: Riboflavin

Claim: Plays an important role in red blood cell production^{46, 47}

Products: All Huel products

87. Riboflavin

Nutrient: Riboflavin

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin^{46, 47}

Products: All Huel products

88. Riboflavin

Nutrient: Riboflavin

Claim: Helps support normal vision^{46, 47}

Products: All Huel products

89. Riboflavin

Nutrient: Riboflavin

Claim: Plays a role in iron metabolism^{46, 49}

Products: All Huel products

90. Riboflavin

Nutrient: Riboflavin

Claim: Is known to provide antioxidant support^{46, 50}

Products: All Huel products

91. Selenium

Nutrient: Selenium

Claim: Helps support healthy sperm^{51, 52}

Products: All Huel products

92. Selenium

Nutrient: Selenium

Claim: Supports healthy hair^{51, 53}

Products: All Huel products

93. Selenium

Nutrient: Selenium

Claim: May support healthy nails^{51, 53}

Products: All Huel products

94. Selenium

Nutrient: Selenium

Claim: Supports a healthy immune system^{51, 54}

Products: All Huel products

95. Selenium

Nutrient: Selenium

Claim: Supports a healthy thyroid^{51, 53}

Products: All Huel products

96. Selenium

Nutrient: Selenium

Claim: Is known to provide antioxidant support^{51, 53}

Products: All Huel products

97. Thiamin

Nutrient: Thiamin

Claim: Helps support metabolic functions^{55, 56}

Products: All Huel products

98. Thiamin

Nutrient: Thiamin

Claim: Supports a healthy nervous system^{55, 57}

Products: All Huel products

99. Thiamin

Nutrient: Thiamin

Claim: Helps support healthy brain function^{55, 58}

Products: All Huel products

100. Thiamin

Nutrient: Thiamin

Claim: Helps support healthy heart function^{55, 56}

Products: All Huel products

101. Vitamin A

Nutrient: Vitamin A

Claim: Plays a role in iron metabolism^{59, 60}

Products: All Huel products

102. Vitamin A

Nutrient: Vitamin A

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes^{59, 61}

Products: All Huel products

103. Vitamin A

Nutrient: Vitamin A

Claim: Helps support healthy skin^{59, 60}

Products: All Huel products

104. Vitamin A

Nutrient: Vitamin A

Claim: Helps support healthy vision^{59, 60}

Products: All Huel products

105. Vitamin A

Nutrient: Vitamin A

Claim: Helps support a healthy immune system^{59, 60}

Products: All Huel products

106. Vitamin A

Nutrient: Vitamin A

Claim: Helps support normal cell division^{59, 60}

Products: All Huel products

107. Vitamin B12

Nutrient: Vitamin B12

Claim: Helps support metabolic functions^{62, 63}

Products: All Huel products

108. Vitamin B12

Nutrient: Vitamin B12

Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system^{63, 64}

Products: All Huel products

109. Vitamin B12

Nutrient: Vitamin B12

Claim: Helps convert food into (cellular) energy^{62, 63}

Products: All Huel products

110. Vitamin B12

Nutrient: Vitamin B12

Claim: Supports healthy cognitive function^{64, 65}

Products: All Huel products

111. Vitamin B12

Nutrient: Vitamin B12

Claim: Contributes to normal red blood cell formation^{62, 63}

Products: All Huel products

112. Vitamin B12

Nutrient: Vitamin B12

Claim: Plays a role in energy metabolism^{62, 63}

Products: All Huel products

113. Vitamin B12

Nutrient: Vitamin B12

Claim: Helps support proper cell function^{62, 66}

Products: All Huel products

114. Vitamin B6

Nutrient: Vitamin B6

Claim: Plays a role in amino acid metabolism^{67, 68}

Products: All Huel products

115. Vitamin B6

Nutrient: Vitamin B6

Claim: Plays a critical role in healthy metabolic activity^{67, 69}

Products: All Huel products

116. Vitamin B6

Nutrient: Vitamin B6

Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system^{67, 57}

Products: All Huel products

117. Vitamin B6

Nutrient: Vitamin B6

Claim: Helps convert food into cellular energy^{67, 69}

Products: All Huel products

118. Vitamin B6

Nutrient: Vitamin B6

Claim: Contributes to normal protein and glycogen metabolism^{67, 69}

Products: All Huel products

119. Vitamin B6

Nutrient: Vitamin B6

Claim: Supports healthy cognitive function^{70, 71}

Products: All Huel products

120. Vitamin B6

Nutrient: Vitamin B6

Claim: Contributes to normal red blood cell formation^{67, 69}

Products: All Huel products

121. Vitamin B6

Nutrient: Vitamin B6

Claim: Helps support a healthy immune system^{67, 69}

Products: All Huel products

122. Vitamin C

Nutrient: Vitamin C

Claim: Helps support a healthy immune system^{72, 73}

Products: All Huel products

123. Vitamin C

Nutrient: Vitamin C

Claim: Plays a role in the biosynthesis of collagen^{72, 73}

Products: All Huel products

124. Vitamin C

Nutrient: Vitamin C

Claim: Plays a role in protein metabolism^{72, 73}

Products: All Huel products

125. Vitamin C

Nutrient: Vitamin C

Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system^{72, 74}

Products: All Huel products

126. Vitamin C

Nutrient: Vitamin C

Claim: Is an antioxidant^{72, 73}

Products: All Huel products

127. Vitamin C

Nutrient: Vitamin C

Claim: Helps support metabolic functions^{72, 73}

Products: All Huel products

128. Vitamin C

Nutrient: Vitamin C

Claim: Contributes to the regeneration of the reduced form of vitamin E^{72, 73}

Products: All Huel products

129. Vitamin C

Nutrient: Vitamin C

Claim: Helps support iron absorption^{72, 73}

Products: All Huel products

130. Vitamin D

Nutrient: Vitamin D

Claim: Contributes to the utilisation of calcium and phosphorus^{75, 76}

Products: All Huel products

131. Vitamin D

Nutrient: Vitamin D

Claim: Helps maintain normal calcium levels^{75, 76}

Products: All Huel products

132. Vitamin D

Nutrient: Vitamin D

Claim: Helps support bone health^{75, 76}

Products: All Huel products

133. Vitamin D

Nutrient: Vitamin D

Claim: May help support normal muscle function^{76, 77}

Products: All Huel products

134. Vitamin D

Nutrient: Vitamin D

Claim: May help support the health of teeth^{75, 76}

Products: All Huel products

135. Vitamin D

Nutrient: Vitamin D

Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system^{76, 77}

Products: All Huel products

136. Vitamin D

Nutrient: Vitamin D

Claim: Helps support normal cell division^{75, 78}

Products: All Huel products

137. Vitamin E

Nutrient: Vitamin E

Claim: Provides antioxidant support^{79, 80}

Products: All Huel products

138. Vitamin K

Nutrient: Vitamin K

Claim: Plays a role in healthy blood clotting^{81, 82}

Products: All Huel products

139. Vitamin K

Nutrient: Vitamin K

Claim: Helps support bone health^{81, 82}

Products: All Huel products

140. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Plays a key role in cellular metabolism^{83, 84}

Products: All Huel products

141. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism^{83, 84}

Products: All Huel products

142. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Contributes to normal metabolism of vitamin A^{83, 85}

Products: All Huel products

143. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Contributes to normal protein production^{83, 84}

Products: All Huel products

144. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones^{83, 86}

Products: All Huel products

145. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal hair⁸⁷

Products: All Huel products

146. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal nails⁸⁷

Products: All Huel products

147. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin⁸⁷

Products: All Huel products

148. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Helps support eye health^{83, 84}

Products: All Huel products

149. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system^{83, 84}

Products: All Huel products

150. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Provides antioxidant support^{83, 88}

Products: All Huel products

151. Zinc

Nutrient: Zinc

Claim: Helps support normal cell division^{83, 84}

Products: All Huel products

152. Dietary Fiber

Nutrient: Dietary Fiber

Claim: Helps support digestive health by promoting bowel regularity^{89, 90}

Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein, Daily Greens, and Instant Meals Pasta

153. Dietary Fiber

Nutrient: Dietary Fiber

Claim: Is good for gut health^{91, 92}

Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein, Daily Greens, and Instant Meals Pasta

154. Good source of Fatty Acids

Nutrient: Good source of Fatty Acids

Claim: Helps support a healthy heart⁹³

Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein and Complete Nutrition Bar

155. The antioxidant Vitamin A

Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin A

Claim: Maintains cell integrity^{94, 95}

Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

156. The antioxidant Vitamin C

Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin C

Claim: Maintains cell integrity^{94, 95}

Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

157. The antioxidant Vitamin E

Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin E

Claim: Maintains cell integrity^{94, 95}

Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

158. The antioxidant Vitamin A

Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin A

Claim: Is important for proper functioning immune system^{96, 97}

Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

159. The antioxidant Vitamin C

Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin C

Claim: Is important for proper functioning immune system^{96, 97}

Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

160. The antioxidant Vitamin E

Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin E

Claim: Is important for proper functioning immune system^{96, 97}

Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

References

Farvid MS, et al. Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation. 2014; 130(18):1568-78.
Haghighatdoost F, et al. Does alpha-lipoic acid affect lipid profile? A meta-analysis and systematic review on randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019; 847:1-10.
Harvard T.H. Chan. Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2014/11/05/dietary-linoleic-acid-and-risk-of-coronary-heart-disease/]
Froyen E, et al. The Effects of Linoleic Acid Consumption on Lipid Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in Healthy Individuals: A Review of Human Intervention Trials. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2329.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to biotin and energy-yielding metabolism (ID 114, 117), macronutrient metabolism (ID 113, 114, 117), maintenance of skin and mucous membranes (ID 115), maintenance of hair (ID 118, 2876) and function of the nervous system (ID 116) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061. EFSA Journal. 2009. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1209].
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Biotin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional/]
Harvard T.H. Chan. Calcium. Date Accessed: 26/01/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to calcium and maintenance of normal bone and teeth (ID 2731, 3155, 4311, 4312, 4703), maintenance of normal hair and nails (ID 399, 3155), maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 349, 1893), maintenance of normal blood HDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 349, 1893), reduction in the severity of symptoms related to the premenstrual syndrome (ID 348, 1892), “cell membrane permeability” (ID 363), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 232), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 233), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 228, 229) and regulation of normal cell division and differentiation (ID 237) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. [Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1725]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Calcium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/]
Slavin J, et al. Carbohydrates. Adv Nutr. 2014; 5(6):760-1
MedlinePlus. Chloride in diet. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002417.htm]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to choline and contribution to normal lipid metabolism (ID 3186), maintenance of normal liver function (ID 1501), contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 3090), maintenance of normal neurological function (ID 1502), contribution to normal cognitive function (ID 1502), and brain and neurological development (ID 1503) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061. EFSA Journal. 2011. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2056]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Choline. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to chromium and contribution to normal macronutrient metabolism (ID 260, 401, 4665, 4666, 4667), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 262, 4667), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 339, 4665, 4666), and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 261) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1732]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Chromium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Chromium-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to copper and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 263, 1726), function of the immune system (ID 264), maintenance of connective tissues (ID 265, 271, 1722), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 266), function of the nervous system (ID 267), maintenance of skin and hair pigmentation (ID 268, 1724), iron transport (ID 269, 270, 1727), cholesterol metabolism (ID 369), and glucose metabolism (ID 369) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1211]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Copper. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to folate and blood formation (ID 79), homocysteine metabolism (ID 80), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 90), function of the immune system (ID 91), function of blood vessels (ID 94, 175, 192), cell division (ID 193), and maternal tissue growth during pregnancy (ID 2882) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1213]
Suliburska J, et al. Evaluation of folate concentration in amniotic fluid and maternal and umbilical cord blood during labor. Arch Med Sci. 2019; 15(6):1425-32.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Folate. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to folate and contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 81, 85, 86, 88), maintenance of normal vision (ID 83, 87), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 84), cell division (ID 195, 2881) and contribution to normal amino acid synthesis (ID 195, 2881) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1760]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to iodine and thyroid function and production of thyroid hormones (ID 274), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 274), maintenance of vision (ID 356), maintenance of hair (ID 370), maintenance of nails (ID 370), and maintenance of skin (ID 370) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1214]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Folate. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to iron and formation of red blood cells and haemoglobin (ID 249, ID 1589), oxygen transport (ID 250, ID 254, ID 256), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 251, ID 1589), function of the immune system (ID 252, ID 259), cognitive function (ID 253) and cell division (ID 368) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1215]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Chromium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/]
MedlinePlus. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/fluidandelectrolytebalance.html]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to magnesium and “hormonal health” (ID 243), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 244), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 245, 246), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 342), maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 344, 366, 379), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 351), maintenance of the normal function of the immune system (ID 352), maintenance of normal blood pressure during pregnancy (ID 367), resistance to mental stress (ID 375, 381), reduction of gastric acid levels (ID 376), maintenance of normal fat metabolism (ID 378) and maintenance of normal muscle contraction (ID 380, ID 3083) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1807]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Magnesium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to manganese and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 309), maintenance of bone (ID 310), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 311), and cognitive function (ID 340) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1217]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Manganese. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Manganese-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to molybdenum and contribution to normal amino acid metabolism (ID 313) and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 341) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. EFSA Journal. 2010. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1745]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Molybdenum. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to niacin and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 47), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 51), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 55), maintenance of normal blood flow (ID 211), and maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes (ID 4700) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: hhttps://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1757]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Niacin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/]
Harvard T.H. Chan. Niacin – Vitamin B3. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/niacin-vitamin-b3/]
Harvard T.H. Chan. Pantothenic Acid – Vitamin B5. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/pantothenic-acid-vitamin-b5/]
Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. Pantothenic Acid. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/pantothenic-acid]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to phosphorus and function of cell membranes (ID 328), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 329, 373) and maintenance of bone and teeth (ID 324, 327) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1219]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Phosphorus. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Phosphorus-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to potassium and maintenance of normal muscular and neurological function (ID 320, 386) and maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 321) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. EFSA Journal. 2010. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1469]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Potassium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Potassium-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to protein and increase in satiety leading to a reduction in energy intake (ID 414, 616, 730), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 414, 616, 730), maintenance of normal bone (ID 416) and growth or maintenance of muscle mass (ID 415, 417, 593, 594, 595, 715) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1811]
Carbone JW, et al. Dietary Protein and Muscle Mass: Translating Science to Application and Health Benefit. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):1136.
Dhillon J, et al. The Effects of Increased Protein Intake on Fullness: A Meta-Analysis and Its Limitations. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016; 116(6):968-83.
Weigle DS, et al. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82(1):41-8.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to riboflavin (vitamin B2) and contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 29, 35, 36, 42), contribution to normal metabolism of iron (ID 30, 37), maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes (ID 31, 33), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 32), maintenance of normal bone (ID 33), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 33), maintenance of normal hair (ID 33), maintenance of normal nails (ID 33), maintenance of normal vision (ID 39), maintenance of normal red blood cells (ID 40), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 41), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 207), and maintenance of the normal function of the nervous system (ID 213) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Riboflavin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/]
Suwannasom N, et al. Riboflavin: The Health Benefits of a Forgotten Natural Vitamin. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(3):950.
Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. Riboflavin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/riboflavin]
Ashoori M, et al. Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) and oxidative stress: a review. Br J Nutr. 2014; 111(11):1985-91.
Boitani C, et al. Selenium, a key element in spermatogenesis and male fertility. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008; 636:65-73.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to selenium and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 277, 283, 286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1751), function of the immune system (ID 278), thyroid function (ID 279, 282, 286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293), function of the heart and blood vessels (ID 280), prostate function (ID 284), cognitive function (ID 285) and spermatogenesis (ID 396) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1220]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Selenium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/]
Huang Z, et al. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012; 16(7):705-43.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on substantiation of health claims related to thiamine and energy-yielding metabolism (ID 21, 24, 28), cardiac function (ID 20), function of the nervous system (ID 22, 27), maintenance of bone (ID 25), maintenance of teeth (ID 25), maintenance of hair (ID 25), maintenance of nails (ID 25), maintenance of skin (ID 25) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1222]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Thiamin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional/]
Calderón-Ospina CA, et al. B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020; 26(1):5-13.
Dhir S, et al. Neurological, Psychiatric, and Biochemical Aspects of Thiamine Deficiency in Children and Adults. Front Psychiatry. 2019; 10:207-.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin A and cell differentiation (ID 14), function of the immune system (ID 14), maintenance of skin and mucous membranes (ID 15, 17), maintenance of vision (ID 16), maintenance of bone (ID 13, 17), maintenance of teeth (ID 13, 17), maintenance of hair (ID 17), maintenance of nails (ID 17), metabolism of iron (ID 206), and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 209) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1221].
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin A. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/]
Huang Z, et al. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. J Clin Med. 2018; 7(9):258.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B12 and red blood cell formation (ID 92, 101), cell division (ID 93), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 99, 190) and function of the immune system (ID 107) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1223]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin B12. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B12 and contribution to normal neurological and psychological functions (ID 95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 109), contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 96, 103, 106), maintenance of normal bone (ID 104), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 104), maintenance of normal hair (ID 104), maintenance of normal skin (ID 104), maintenance of normal nails (ID 104), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 108), and cell division (ID 212) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1756]
Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy--A Review. Nutrients. 2016; 8(2):68-.
Harvard T.H. Chan. Vitamin B12. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-b12/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6 and protein and glycogen metabolism (ID 65, 70, 71), function of the nervous system (ID 66), red blood cell formation (ID 67, 72, 186), function of the immune system (ID 68), regulation of hormonal activity (ID 69) and mental performance (ID 185) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1225]
Dalto DB, et al. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆) and the Glutathione Peroxidase System; a Link between One-Carbon Metabolism and Antioxidation. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3):189.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin B6. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6 and contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 73, 76, 199), maintenance of normal bone (ID 74), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 74), maintenance of normal hair (ID 74), maintenance of normal skin (ID 74), maintenance of normal nails (ID 74), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 75, 214), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 77), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 78), and contribution to normal cysteine synthesis (ID 4283) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1759]
Malouf R, et al. The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (4):Cd004393.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin C and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 139, 2622), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 140), regeneration of the reduced form of vitamin E (ID 202), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 2334, 3196), maintenance of the normal function of the immune system (ID 4321) and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 3331) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1815]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin B12. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/]
Kocot J, et al. Does Vitamin C Influence Neurodegenerative Diseases and Psychiatric Disorders? Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):659.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and maintenance of bone and teeth (ID 150, 151, 158), absorption and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus and maintenance of normal blood calcium concentrations (ID 152, 157), cell division (ID 153), and thyroid function (ID 156) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1227]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin D. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and normal function of the immune system and inflammatory response (ID 154, 159), maintenance of normal muscle function (ID 155) and maintenance of normal cardiovascular function (ID 159) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1468]
Samuel S, et al. Vitamin D's role in cell proliferation and differentiation. Nutr Rev. 2008; 66(10 Suppl 2):S116-24.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Vitamin E and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2016. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4588]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin E. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin K and maintenance of bone (ID 123, 127, 128, and 2879), blood coagulation (ID 124 and 126), and function of the heart and blood vessels (ID 124, 125 and 2880) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4588]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin K. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to zinc and function of the immune system (ID 291, 1757), DNA synthesis and cell division (ID 292, 1759), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 294, 1758), maintenance of bone (ID 295, 1756), cognitive function (ID 296), fertility and reproduction (ID 297, 300), reproductive development (ID 298), muscle function (ID 299), metabolism of fatty acids (ID 302), maintenance of joints (ID 305), function of the heart and blood vessels (ID 306), prostate function (ID 307), thyroid function (ID 308), acid-base metabolism (ID 360), vitamin A metabolism (ID 361) and maintenance of vision (ID 361) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1229]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Zinc. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/]
Christian P, et al. Interactions between zinc and vitamin A: an update. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 68(2 Suppl):435s-41s.
Yamaguchi M. Role of nutritional zinc in the prevention of osteoporosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010; 338(1-2):241-54.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to zinc and maintenance of normal skin (ID 293), DNA synthesis and cell division (ID 293), contribution to normal protein synthesis (ID 293, 4293), maintenance of normal serum testosterone concentrations (ID 301), “normal growth” (ID 303), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 304), contribution to normal carbohydrate metabolism (ID 382), maintenance of normal hair (ID 412), maintenance of normal nails (ID 412) and contribution to normal macronutrient metabolism (ID 2890) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1819]
Marreiro DdN, et al. Zinc and Oxidative Stress: Current Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel). 2017; 6(2):24.
de Vries J, et al. Effects of cereal fiber on bowel function: A systematic review of intervention trials. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21(29):8952-63.
Yang J, et al. Effect of dietary fiber on constipation: a meta analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18(48):7378-83.
Myhrstad MCW, et al. Dietary Fiber, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolic Regulation-Current Status in Human Randomized Trials. Nutrients. 2020; 12(3):859.
Tap J, et al. Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults. Environ Microbiol. 2015; 17(12):4954-64.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/]
Shafi S, et al. The Impact of Natural Antioxidants on the Regenerative Potential of Vascular Cells. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019; 6:28-.
Cabrera MP, et al. Antioxidants and the integrity of ocular tissues. Vet Med Int. 2011; 2011:905153-.
Puertollano MA, et al. Dietary antioxidants: immunity and host defense. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011; 11(14):1752-66.
Maggini S, et al. Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Change over the Life Course. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1531.