The Huel Ready-to-drink Formula Explained

Huel Ready-to-drink is a nutritionally complete meal in a bottle. It is high in protein, low in sugar and salt, it is a source of fiber and it contains a balanced macro split of 35:42:20:3 (net carbohydrate, fat, protein, fiber) and all 27 essential vitamins and minerals.

Additionally, it contains no lactose or any animal products and no GMO.

Huel Ready-to-drink meets the HHS and USDA's Dietary Guidelines and Daily Value (DV) requirements for all macro- and micronutrients^[1], and it is a sustained source of energy with a wealth of other nutritious benefits.

Continue reading to find out more about Huel Ready-to-drink.

The Huel Ready-to-drink Formula

• Huel Ready-to-drink is 35:42:20:3 Macro Split

• Carbohydrate in Huel Ready-to-drink: Oats, Tapioca, and Brown Rice

• Fat in Huel Ready-to-drink: Canola, Flaxseed, Sunflower, and Coconut

• Huel Ready-to-drink is High-protein: Peas and Rice

• Fiber in Huel Ready-to-drink: Oats, Flaxseed, and Chicory

• Vitamins and Minerals in Huel Ready-to-drink

Nutrition Information and Ingredients

• Ingredients of Huel Ready-to-drink

• Nutritional Profile of Huel Ready-to-drink

• Huel Ready-to-drink Cautions and Allergen Advice

Huel Ready-to-drink is 35:42:20:3 macro split

The principal macronutrients from which we obtain energy from food are carbohydrates, fat, protein, and fiber, and in Huel Ready-to-drink, their ratio is 35:42:20:3, respectively; i.e., 35% of the energy comes from carbohydrates, 42% from fat, 20% from protein, and 3% from fiber.

Amino acids are the most basic units of protein, and nine amino acids are essential for life – with others being crucial for optimum health – so any diet has to contain a significant amount of protein. Huel Ready-to-drink is high in protein, with all essential amino acids present in good amounts (see below).

Fat is more energy-dense than carbohydrates and protein, so the Huel Ready-to-drink formula includes large amounts of healthy fats in order to achieve less volume and an easy-to-consume Huel meal in a bottle. Moreover, there are some fatty acids that are required for optimal health, and Huel Ready-to-drink is rich in the fats that provide these essential fatty acids.

Carbohydrates – while not essential per se – do have significant benefits with respect to sustaining energy levels, and those in Huel Ready-to-drink are slow-release carbohydrates – ideal for maintaining energy for up to several hours.

We’ve designed Huel Powder at these ratios as they are within the parameters of the healthy eating guidelines and are levels designed for optimum, sustained energy release while covering macro-nutritional requirements for disease prevention.

Carbohydrates in Huel Ready-to-drink: Oats, tapioca, and brown rice

The carbohydrate in Huel Ready-to-drink is mainly from ultra-fine powdered oats, brown rice flour, and tapioca starch. Oats have been shown to have a low glycemic index (GI); GI refers to the speed at which blood sugar and, hence, energy levels rise after we ingest a carb source^[2].

The oat powder in Huel Ready-to-drink has been milled so finely that it’s readily soluble and also provides so much more than just carbohydrates - it includes soluble fiber and many vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and phytonutrients, too.

Brown rice flour provides carbs, protein, and other nutrients.

Tapioca starch is an ideal source of carbohydrates as it is soluble and works well with other ingredients. The oats, rice flour, and tapioca starch in Huel Ready-to-drink support the other ingredients in helping to sustain energy levels until the next meal.

Fat in Huel Ready-to-drink: Canola, Flaxseed, Sunflower, and Coconut

The fat in Huel Ready-to-drink provides 42% of the total energy and is made up from canola oil, flaxseed and sunflower lecithin to ensure that the essential fatty acids are included in optimum amounts with Huel Ready-to-drink being rich in monounsaturated fat, omega-3s and omega-6s.

We’ve also included MCTs from coconut for a very good reason: MCTs, or medium-chain triglycerides, are treated much like carbs, i.e. they provide an energy-rich, sustained fuel and are perfect for those of us with busy lifestyles^[3]. However, MCTs have another invaluable quality: they are not susceptible to oxidation and rancidity, meaning that they do not contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. In short, MCTs from coconut are a healthy and efficient source of energy. Read more about MCTs here.

There are two completely essential fatty acids (EFAs) that humans require: linoleic acid (LA – an omega-6 fatty acid) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA – an omega-3)^[4]. Using fats from rapeseed, flaxseed, and sunflower, we’ve ensured Huel Ready-to-drink contains sufficient amounts of both of these EFAs as well as other omega-3 and -6 fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids*.

Moreover, these ingredients provide antioxidants and other vitamins and minerals in a biochemical redox balance to help minimize the negative effects of free radicals. Free radicals may be involved in the pathology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and aging, so it’s desirable to keep their formation to a minimum, and this is the role of antioxidants. Read more about fats here.

Huel Ready-to-drink is High-protein: Pea and Rice

The DV for protein is 50g per day, but this only covers our very basic needs at a level that adequately prevents protein deficiency^[1]. The Western diet typically provides more^[5], and Huel Ready-to-drink does too*. All essential amino acids are included in adequate amounts from vegan protein sources: pea protein, brown rice flour, oat powder, and flaxseed.

Each 500ml bottle of Huel Ready-to-drink provides 20g of high-quality protein—40% of the average person’s daily requirements, a good amount for optimum health and building and maintaining a healthy body. Furthermore, protein is more satiating (appetite-suppressing) than other macronutrients^[6], and each Huel Ready-to-drink meal has been designed to stop unwanted hunger pangs.

Amino acid profile of Huel Ready-to-drink

Protein is made up of amino acids. There are over 500 amino acids in nature, 20 of which are known as the standard amino acids, as these are the ones that are coded for genetically and are subsequently involved in primary protein synthesis in animals. Of these 20, nine are essential as they cannot be synthesized from other amino acids.

All protein sources are unequal: some are classified as ‘complete proteins’, and others are not. A complete protein contains sufficient quantities of all nine essential amino acids. Generally, proteins derived from animal foods (meats, fish, poultry, milk, and eggs) are complete. Indeed, some proteins derived from plant foods (legumes, seeds, grains, and vegetables) are often complete as well; examples include quinoa, buckwheat, and soy. Many plant foods have insufficient amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids. Some are notably low, such as corn protein, which is low in lysine and isoleucine.

The protein in Huel Ready-to-drink comes from four of the main ingredients: pea protein, oats, brown rice flour, and flaxseed. This ensures a good range of all amino acids and that there are sufficient amounts of the essential amino acids. Rice is high in the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine, plus it contains good amounts of all the others but is very low in lysine. Pea protein is low in cysteine and methionine but high in lysine. Selecting different sources ensures everything is covered while keeping Huel Ready-to-drink vegan. Plus, there’s additional protein from the oats – which are reasonably high in all essential amino acids – and the flaxseed.

Fiber in Huel Ready-to-drink: Oats, Flaxseed, and Chicory

Huel Ready-to-drink contains 6g of fiber per bottle. The fiber in Huel Ready-to-drink is a mixture of soluble and insoluble forms, all naturally supplied from oats, flaxseed, and chicory. This fiber profile helps to ensure the formation of normal, solid stools in healthy users.

Fiber acts like a sponge, so it’s important to include lots of fluid in a fiber-rich diet^[7]. Huel Ready-to-drink is made with water, so there’s plenty of fluid supplied, but we recommend you also include plenty of water in your diet.

The Huel Ready-to-drink formula has been designed to maintain optimum digestive system health, and its fiber profile also offers other benefits: You may well have heard about the beneficial soluble fiber in oats called beta-glucan; well, Huel Ready-to-drink contains good amounts of this cholesterol-lowering fiber, ideal for a healthy heart^[8].

Vitamins and Minerals in Huel Ready-to-drink

Most of the vitamins and minerals—also known as micronutrients—in Huel Ready-to-drink are from natural ingredients. However, to meet the demands of a Western lifestyle, we've added a unique vitamin and mineral formula to provide—in some cases—more than 100% of the DV*.

Since the HHS's Daily Values were first compiled nearly 70 years ago, numerous studies have demonstrated that, for many micronutrients, levels higher than the DVs may have beneficial effects on health.

For example, it’s widely considered that the amount of vitamin C we’re recommended to consume is too low^[9-11], so we've reflected this in the Huel Ready-to-drink formula. Consuming more vitamin C can benefit a healthy immune system, healthy skin, and antioxidant properties^[10-12].

With calcium, the US DV is 1,300mg per day^[1], an amount higher than the European Union (EU) RDA of 800mg^[1]. We feel the US recommendation is more than sufficient to protect against osteoporosis. With some of the trace element minerals, the levels are higher than the recommended amounts. This is because we only need tiny amounts of them, but the natural ingredients in Huel Ready-to-drink are a rich source.

Choline is a conditionally essential B vitamin, and although, strictly speaking, it can be synthesized in our bodies, it’s more efficient to obtain it from our diets^[13]. It’s of particular importance for post-menopausal women^[14,15]. As Huel is all about optimum health, the inclusion of choline was deemed to be fundamental.

With vitamin D, the DV is 20mcg^[1]. In the UK, the RDA was previously listed as just 5 mcg per day^[16,17], but in 2016, this was revised to 10 mcg per day^[18]. As in the case of calcium, we feel that the US DV is the level people should aim for, so this is the amount of vitamin D included in Huel Ready-to-drink*.

There has been some concern about phytic acid, a naturally occurring substance in some plant foods, including oats and flaxseed. Phytic acid can chelate (bind) some minerals, meaning they’re less bioavailable^[19]. As oats and flaxseed are fundamental ingredients in Huel Ready-to-drink, we've ensured the levels of some minerals, like iron and zinc, are higher to accommodate any issues with phytic acid chelation. Furthermore, the high level of vitamin C in Huel Ready-to-drink will also further promote iron absorption^[20]. Summary - Huel Ready-to-drink is a meal

As you can see, Huel Ready-to-drink provides superior nutrition compared to most conventional meals. Huel Ready-to-drink is a nutritious meal to be enjoyed at any time or as an add-on improvement to your diet to ensure you’re giving your body what it needs.

*based on a 2,000cal intake of Huel products.

Ingredients of Huel Ready-to-drink

Cinnamon Roll v2.0

Water, Pea Protein, Tapioca Starch, Canola Oil, Gluten-Free Oat Flour, Ground Flaxseed, Natural Flavors, Medium-Chain Triglyceride Powder (from Coconut), Soluble Gluco Fiber, Coconut Sugar, Hemp Seed Protein, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Chloride, Sunflower Lecithin, Calcium Carbonate, Maltodextrin, L-Ascorbic Acid, Magnesium Phosphate, Magnesium Citrate, Steviol Glycosides, L-Choline Bitartrate, Gellan Gum, Menaquinone-7, D-Alpha Tocopherol Acetate, Retinyl Acetate, Niacinamide, Vitamin D2, Cyanocobalamin, Calcium D-Pantothenate, D-Biotin, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Oxide, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Potassium Iodide, Riboflavin, Thiamine Mononitrate, Calcium-L-Methylfolate, Chromium Picolinate. CONTAINS: TREE NUTS (COCONUT).

We recommend one serving a day if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Iced Coffee Caramel v2.0

Water, Pea Protein, Tapioca Starch, Canola Oil, Gluten-Free Oat Flour, Ground Flaxseed, Medium-Chain Triglyceride Powder (from Coconut), Natural Flavors, Soluble Gluco Fiber, Coconut Sugar, Hemp Seed Protein, Coffee Powder, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Chloride, Sunflower Lecithin, Calcium Carbonate, Maltodextrin, L-Ascorbic Acid, Magnesium Phosphate, Magnesium Citrate, Steviol Glycosides, L-Choline Bitartrate, Gellan Gum, Menaquinone-7, D-Alpha Tocopherol Acetate, Retinyl Acetate, Niacinamide, Vitamin D2, Cyanocobalamin, Calcium-D-Pantothenate, D-Biotin, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Oxide, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Potassium Iodide, Riboflavin, Thiamine Mononitrate, Calcium-L-Methylfolate, Chromium Picolinate. CONTAINS: TREE NUTS (COCONUT).

We recommend one serving a day if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Salted Caramel v2.0

Water, Pea Protein, Tapioca Starch, Canola Oil, Gluten-Free Oat Flour, Ground Flaxseed, Medium-Chain Triglyceride Powder (from Coconut), Soluble Gluco Fiber, Natural Flavors, Coconut Sugar, Hemp Seed Protein, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Chloride, Sunflower Lecithin, Sea salt, Calcium Carbonate, Maltodextrin, L-Ascorbic Acid, Magnesium Phosphate, Magnesium Citrate, Steviol Glycosides, L-Choline Bitartrate, Gellan Gum, Menaquinone-7, D-Alpha Tocopherol Acetate, Retinyl Acetate, Niacinamide, Vitamin D2, Cyanocobalamin, Calcium-D-Pantothenate, D-Biotin, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Oxide, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Potassium Iodide, Riboflavin, Thiamine Mononitrate, Calcium-L-Methylfolate, Chromium Picolinate. CONTAINS: TREE NUTS (COCONUT).

We recommend one serving a day if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Strawberry v2.0

Water, Pea Protein, Tapioca Starch, Gluten-Free Oat Flour, Canola Oil, Ground Flaxseed, Medium-Chain Triglyceride Powder (from Coconut), Natural Flavors, Soluble Gluco Fiber, Beetroot and Carrot Juice (Color), Coconut Sugar, Hemp Seed Protein, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Chloride, Sunflower Lecithin, Calcium Carbonate, Maltodextrin, L-Ascorbic Acid, Magnesium Phosphate, Magnesium Citrate, Steviol Glycosides, L-Choline Bitartrate, Gellan Gum, Menaquinone-7, D-Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, Retinyl Acetate, Niacinamide, Vitamin D2, Cyanocobalamin, Calcium-D-Pantothenate, D-Biotin, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Oxide, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Potassium Iodide, Riboflavin, Thiamine Mononitrate, Calcium-L-Methylfolate, Chromium Picolinate. CONTAINS: TREE NUTS (COCONUT).

We recommend one serving a day if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Banana v1.0

Water, Pea Protein, Tapioca Flour, Canola Oil, Gluten-Free Oat Flour, Ground Flaxseed, Medium-Chain Triglyceride Powder (from Coconut), Soluble Gluco Fiber, Natural Flavors, Brown Rice Flour, Sunflower Lecithin, Turmeric Concentrate (Color), Gellan Gum, Sucralose, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Chloride, Calcium Carbonate, Maltodextrin, L- Ascorbic Acid, Magnesium Phosphate, L-Choline Bitartrate, D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate, Niacinamide, Menaquinone-7, Retinyl Acetate, Ergocalciferol, Calcium D-Pantothenate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Thiamine Mononitrate, Potassium lodide, Cyanocobalamin, D-Biotin, Selenium Yeast, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Oxide, Calcium L-Methylfolate, Chromium Picolinate.

CONTAINS: TREE NUTS (COCONUT).

We recommend one serving a day if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Vanilla v1.0

Water, Pea Protein, Tapioca Flour, Gluten-Free Oat Flour, Canola Oil, Ground Flaxseed, Medium-Chain Triglyceride Powder (from Coconut), Soluble Gluco Fiber, Natural Flavors, Brown Rice Flour, Sunflower Lecithin, Gellan Gum, Sucralose, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Chloride, Calcium Carbonate, Maltodextrin, L-Ascorbic Acid, Magnesium Phosphate, L-Choline Bitartrate, D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate, Niacinamide, Menaquinone-7, Retinyl Acetate, Vitamin D2, Calcium D-Pantothenate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Thiamine Mononitrate, Potassium lodide, Cyanocobalamin, D-Biotin, Selenium Yeast, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Oxide, Calcium L-Methylfolate, Chromium Picolinate. CONTAINS: TREE NUTS (COCONUT).

We recommend one serving a day if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Berry v1.0

Water, Pea Protein, Tapioca Starch, Gluten-Free Oat Powder, Canola Oil, Flaxseed, Medium-Chain Triglyceride Powder (from Coconut), Oligofructose, Color (Beetroot and Carrot Concentrate), Brown Rice Flour, Natural and Artificial Flavors, Sunflower Lecithin, Gellan Gum, Sucralose, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Chloride, Calcium Carbonate, Maltodextrin, Ascorbic Acid, Magnesium Phosphate, L-Choline Bitartrate, D-Alpha Tocopherol Acetate, Niacinamide, Menaquinone-7, Retinol Acetate, Ergocalciferol, Calcium D-Pantothenate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Riboflavin, Thiamine Mononitrate, Potassium Iodide, Cyanocobalamin, Biotin, Selenium Yeast, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Oxide, L-Methylfolate Calcium, Chromium Picolinate. CONTAINS: TREE NUTS (COCONUT).

We recommend one serving a day if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Chocolate v1.0

Water, Pea Protein, Tapioca Starch, Gluten-Free Oat Flour, Canola Oil, Cocoa Powder, Ground Flaxseed, Soluble Gluco Fiber, Medium-Chain Triglyceride Powder (from Coconut), Natural Flavors, Brown Rice Flour, Coconut Sugar, Potassium Citrate, Potassium Chloride, Sunflower Lecithin, Calcium Carbonate, Maltodextrin, L-Ascorbic Acid, Magnesium Phosphate, Magnesium Citrate, L-Choline Bitartrate, Gellan Gum, Sea Salt, Sucralose, Menaquinone-7, D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate, Retinyl Acetate, Niacinamide, Vitamin D2, Cyanocobalamin, Calcium D-Pantothenate, D-Biotin, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Oxide, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Potassium Iodide, Selenium Yeast, Riboflavin, Thiamine Mononitrate, Calcium L-Methylfolate, Chromium Picolinate. CONTAINS: TREE NUTS (COCONUT).

We recommend one serving a day if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Nutritional Profile of Huel Ready-to-drink

Cinnamon Roll v2.0

Each box contains 12 x 16.9fl oz (500ml) bottles

Calories per serving - 200 Calories per bottle - 400

Vitamins & Minerals

*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000kcal a day is used for general nutrition advice

Iced Coffee Caramel v2.0

Each box contains 12 x 16.9fl oz (500ml) bottles

Calories per serving - 200 Calories per bottle - 400

Vitamins & Minerals

*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000kcal a day is used for general nutrition advice

Salted Caramel v2.0

Each box contains 12 x 16.9fl oz (500ml) bottles

Calories per serving - 200 Calories per bottle - 400

*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000kcal a day is used for general nutrition advice

Strawberry v2.0

Each box contains 12 x 16.9fl oz (500ml) bottles

Calories per serving - 200 Calories per bottle - 400

Vitamins & Minerals

*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000kcal a day is used for general nutrition advice

Banana v1.0

Each box contains 12 x 16.9fl oz (500ml) bottles

Calories per serving - 200 Calories per bottle - 400

Vitamins & Minerals

*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000kcal a day is used for general nutrition advice

Vanilla v1.0

Each box contains 12 x 16.9fl oz (500ml) bottles

Calories per serving - 200 Calories per bottle - 400

Vitamins & Minerals

*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000kcal a day is used for general nutrition advice

Berry v1.0

Each box contains 12 x 16.9fl oz (500ml) bottles

Calories per serving - 200 Calories per bottle - 400

Vitamins & Minerals

*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000kcal a day is used for general nutrition advice

Chocolate v1.0

Each box contains 12 x 16.9fl oz (500ml) bottles

Calories per serving - 200 Calories per bottle - 400

Vitamins & Minerals

*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a daily diet. 2,000kcal a day is used for general nutrition advice

Huel Ready-to-drink Cautions and Allergen Advice

Huel Ready-to-drink is food; it is suitable for people with most conditions. However, as some conditions require dietary intervention, like with any food, please heed the notes below for the following conditions:

• Diabetes mellitus – Huel is suitable for type 1 and type 2 diabetics. As with all food, if you're using medication to help control your diabetes you should structure your intake of Huel appropriately.

• Celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis – Huel Ready-to-drink is made with gluten-free oats and is certified as gluten-free; each batch is tested for gluten as part of our strict quality controls.

• Inborn errors of metabolism – if you have a glycogen storage disorder (GSD) or other inborn error of metabolism where you require dietary manipulation, you must consult your doctor or specialist before using Huel Ready-to-drink. Huel Ready-to-drink is not suitable for those who suffer from phenylketonuria (PKU).

• Inflammatory bowel disease – if you suffer from Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis or proctitis and are experiencing a flare-up, we advise caution when using Huel Ready-to-drink. However, if you’re in remission, Huel Ready-to-drink may be enjoyed freely.

• Pregnancy and lactation—Most Huel products are fine to use during pregnancy, but should be limited to one serving per day as there are different nutritional requirements during this period.

• Children—Huel Ready-to-drink is not suitable for children under 4 years of age. However, older children may include Huel Ready-to-drink as part of a balanced diet that includes a variety of other foods, but Huel Ready-to-drink should not be their sole source of nutrition as children have different nutritional requirements than adults.

• Eating disorders—individuals with anorexia or bulimia nervosa may consume Huel Ready-to-drink as a useful source of complete nutrition. However, we recommend that individuals with eating disorders only use Huel Ready-to-drink after discussing it with their doctor or relevant medical professional.

Medication interactions

Huel Ready-to-drink is fine to consume if you’re using most medications. Although there are no obvious reasons why Huel Ready-to-drink should be an issue, there may be specific drug-nutrient interactions relating to a particular medicine you're using, so we recommend you read the drug information provided with your prescription, and if you have any further concerns please discuss them with your doctor.

Allergen advice

All Huel products are 100% vegan. We thoroughly assess our ingredients and the processes we use to make Huel, and whenever we identify potential routes of allergen contamination, we will first take steps to eliminate the possibility of any contamination of our product. However, where it is not possible to remove the risk, we will clearly highlight any allergens that might be present on our product packaging in line with current US food safety guidelines.

However, we recognize that people can suffer from allergies that are outside the US recognized ‘key allergens’, so we assess ingredients and keep a record of other ingredients in our product that may have allergenic potential. If you have any specific inquiries, please contact us.

Further reading

• The Beginner's Guide to Nutrition

• Food Processing & Good Nutrition

• Guide to Protein, Digestion and Absorption

• Buy Huel Ready-to-drink

• About Huel

References

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4. Linus Pauling Institute. Essential Fatty Acids. Date Accessed: 09/04/19. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/essential-fatty-acids].

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10. Combs GF Jr & mcClung JP. The Vitamins. 4 ed: Burlington: Elsevier Science; 2012.

11. Carr AC & Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69(6):1086-107.

12. Linus Pauling Institute. Vitamin C Date Accessed: 09/04/19. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-C].

13. Zeisel SH & Da Costa KA. Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutr Rev. 2009; 67(11):615-23.

14. Fischer LM, et al. Dietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92(5):1113-9.

15. Fischer LM, et al. Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85(5):1275-85.

16. Food Drink Europe. Guidance on the Provision of Food Information to Consumers Regulation (EU) No. 1169/2011.2013 [Available from: https://www.fooddrinkeurope.eu/uploads/publications_documents/FDE_Guidance_WEB.pdf].

17. COMA. Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report of the Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. Rep Health Soc Subj (Lond). 1991; 41:1-210.

18. SACN. Vitamin D and Health. 2016.

19. Committee on Food Protection; Food and Nutrition Board; National Research Council. "Phytates". Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods. 1973.

20. Lopez HL, F, et al. Minerals and phytic acid interactions: is it a real problem for human nutrition? International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 202; 37(7):727-39.