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  • Bestsellers

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    High-protein on-the-go complete meal

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    High-protein snack

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    Nutritionally complete protein powder

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Details on health claims:

Huel meals and bars provide the right amount of protein, essential fats, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins & minerals as part of a balanced diet

Energy Source of biotin to contribute to normal energy-yielding metabolism

Digestion Source of calcium to contribute to the normal function of digestive enzymes

Immune system Source of vitamin C to contribute to the normal function of the immune system

Skin health Source of zinc to contribute to the maintenance of normal skin

Cognitive function Source of iron to contribute to normal cognitive function

Muscle function Source of magnesium to contribute to normal muscle function

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What are the Health Benefits of Huel?

'Is Huel healthy?' is a question we get asked a lot – here are just a few reasons why Huel is good for you.

An image showing the range of Huel products

First things first – we know that health claims aren’t sexy or fun, but science and nutrition are at the heart of what we do at Huel, so it's pretty important that we walk the walk when it comes to talking about how healthy Huel is.

Each of the vitamins, minerals, and nutrients in every Huel meal has a role to play in helping your body run smoothly. Each one of these health benefits – and they vary between all the different Huel products – has been scientifically backed and EU-approved, and we've broken them all down so you don't have to.

The nutritional and, thereby, the number of health claims may vary between flavors of each Huel product type.

  1. Nutrient: Alpha-linolenic acid
    Claim: May help maintain normal cholesterol levels
    Products:
    All Huel products except Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, Daily Greens (Watermelon and Lemon & Ginger), and Energy+1,2

  2. Nutrient: Linoleic acid
    Claim: May help manage cholesterol levels already within a normal range as part of an overall healthy diet3,4
    Products:
    Powder v3.1, Black Edition, Huel Essential, RTD v1.0 & v2.0, and Black Edition RTD

  3. Nutrient: Biotin
    Claim: Plays a role in important metabolic functions5,6
    Products:
    All Huel products

  4. Nutrient: Biotin
    Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system5,6
    Products:
    All Huel products

  5. Nutrient: Biotin
    Claim: Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism5,6
    Products:
    All Huel products

  6. Nutrient: Biotin
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal hair5,6
    Products:
    All Huel products

  7. Nutrient: Biotin
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes5,6
    Products:
    All Huel products

  8. Nutrient: Biotin
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin5,6
    Products:
    All Huel products

  9. Nutrient: Calcium
    Claim: Plays an important role in normal blood clotting7,8
    Products:
    All Huel products

  10. Nutrient: Calcium
    Claim: Helps support metabolic functions8,9
    Products:
    All Huel products

  11. Nutrient: Calcium
    Claim: Contributes to normal muscle function8,9
    Products:
    All Huel products

  12. Nutrient: Calcium
    Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system8,9
    Products:
    All Huel products

  13. Nutrient: Calcium
    Claim: Contributes to the normal function of digestive enzymes8,9
    Products:
    All Huel products

  14. Nutrient: Calcium
    Claim: Plays an important role in normal cell division8,9
    Products:
    All Huel products

  15. Nutrient: Calcium
    Claim: Needed for the maintenance of normal bones8,9
    Products:
    All Huel products

  16. Nutrient: Calcium
    Claim: Builds strong bones8,9
    Products:
    All Huel products except Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, Daily Greens (Watermelon and Lemon & Ginger) and Energy+

  17. Nutrient: Calcium
    Claim: Is needed for the maintenance of normal teeth8,9
    Products:
    All Huel products

  18. Nutrient: Chloride
    Claim: Helps contribute to normal digestion11
    Products:
    All Huel products except Daily Greens

  19. Nutrient: Choline
    Claim: Contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism12
    Products:
    All Huel products except Daily Greens

  20. Nutrient: Choline
    Claim: Contributes to normal lipid metabolism12,13
    Products:
    All Huel products except Daily Greens

  21. Nutrient: Choline
    Claim: Helps support a healthy liver12,13
    Products:
    All Huel products except Daily Greens

  22. Nutrient: Chromium
    Claim: Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism14,15
    Products:
    All Huel products

  23. Nutrient: Chromium
    Claim: Helps maintain blood glucose levels already in the normal range14,15
    Products:
    All Huel products

  24. Nutrient: Copper
    Claim: Helps support healthy connective tissues16,17
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  25. Nutrient: Copper
    Claim: Plays a role in cellular energy production16,17
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  26. Nutrient: Copper
    Claim: Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system16,17
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  27. Nutrient: Copper
    Claim: Contributes to normal hair pigmentation16,17
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  28. Nutrient: Copper
    Claim: Contributes to normal iron transport in the body16,17
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  29. Nutrient: Copper
    Claim: Contributes to normal skin pigmentation16,17
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  30. Nutrient: Copper
    Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system16,17
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  31. Nutrient: Copper
    Claim: Is a known antioxidant16,17
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  32. Nutrient: Folate
    Claim: Helps support a healthy pregnancy18,19
    Products:
    All Huel products

  33. Nutrient: Folate
    Claim: Contributes to normal amino acid synthesis18,20
    Products: All Huel products

  34. Nutrient: Folate
    Claim: Helps support healthy red blood cells18,20
    Products:
    All Huel products

  35. Nutrient: Folate
    Claim: Contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism18,20
    Products: All Huel products

  36. Nutrient: Folate
    Claim: Helps support healthy brain function20,21
    Products: All Huel products

  37. Nutrient: Folate
    Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system18,20
    Products:
    All Huel products

  38. Nutrient: Folate
    Claim: Helps support cell production and maintenance18,20
    Products:
    All Huel products

  39. Nutrient: Iodine
    Claim: Plays a critical role in healthy metabolic activity22,23
    Products:
    All Huel products

  40. Nutrient: Iodine
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin22
    Products:
    All Huel products

  41. Nutrient: Iodine
    Claim: Helps maintain thyroid health22,23
    Products: All Huel products

  42. Nutrient: Iron
    Claim: Supports brain health24, 25
    Products:
    All Huel products

  43. Nutrient: Iron
    Claim: Plays a critical role in muscle metabolism24,25
    Products:
    All Huel products

  44. Nutrient: Iron
    Claim: Contributes to normal formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin24,25
    Products:
    All Huel products

  45. Nutrient: Iron
    Claim: Contributes to normal oxygen transport in the body24,25
    Products:
    All Huel products

  46. Nutrient: Iron
    Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system24,25
    Products:
    All Huel products

  47. Nutrient: Iron
    Claim: Plays a role in energy production24,25
    Products:
    All Huel products

  48. Nutrient: Iron
    Claim: Helps support cell production and maintenance24,25
    Products:
    All Huel products

  49. Nutrient: Magnesium
    Claim: Contributes to electrolyte balance26
    Products:
    All Huel products

  50. Nutrient: Magnesium
    Claim: Plays an important role in glucose metabolism27,28
    Products:
    All Huel products

  51. Nutrient: Magnesium
    Claim: Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system27,28
    Products:
    All Huel products

  52. Nutrient: Magnesium
    Claim: Contributes to normal muscle function27,28
    Products: All Huel products

  53. Nutrient: Magnesium
    Claim: Contributes to normal protein synthesis27,28
    Products:
    All Huel products

  54. Nutrient: Magnesium
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones27,28
    Products:
    All Huel products

  55. Nutrient: Magnesium
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal teeth27
    Products:
    All Huel products

  56. Nutrient: Magnesium
    Claim: Helps support cell production and maintenance27,28
    Products:
    All Huel products

  57. Nutrient: Manganese
    Claim: Contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism29,30
    Products:
    All Huel products

  58. Nutrient: Manganese
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones29,30
    Products:
    All Huel products

  59. Nutrient: Manganese
    Claim: Helps support bone health29
    Products:
    All Huel products

  60. Nutrient: Manganese
    Claim: Helps support joint health29
    Products:
    All Huel products

  61. Nutrient: Manganese
    Claim: Is known to provide antioxidant support29,30
    Products:
    All Huel products

  62. Nutrient: Molybdenum
    Claim: Helps support metabolic functions31,32
    Products:
    All Huel products

  63. Nutrient: Niacin
    Claim: Helps support metabolic functions33,34
    Products:
    All Huel products

  64. Nutrient: Niacin
    Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system33,34
    Products:
    All Huel products

  65. Nutrient: Niacin
    Claim: Helps support brain health33,35
    Products:
    All Huel products

  66. Nutrient: Niacin
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes33
    Products:
    All Huel products

  67. Nutrient: Niacin
    Claim: Helps support healthy skin33,34
    Products:
    All Huel products

  68. Nutrient: Niacin
    Claim: Helps convert nutrients into cellular energy33,34
    Products:
    All Huel products

  69. Nutrient: Pantothenic Acid
    Claim: Helps support metabolic functions35,36
    Products:
    All Huel products

  70. Nutrient: Pantothenic Acid
    Claim: Contributes to normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamin D35,37
    Products:
    All Huel products

  71. Nutrient: Phosphorus
    Claim: Helps support metabolic functions38,39
    Products:
    All Huel products

  72. Nutrient: Phosphorus
    Claim: Is an essential structural component of cell membranes38,39
    Products:
    All Huel products

  73. Nutrient: Phosphorus
    Claim: Supports bone health38,39
    Products:
    All Huel products

  74. Nutrient: Phosphorus
    Claim: Supports healthy teeth38,39
    Products:
    All Huel products

  75. Nutrient: Potassium
    Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system40,41
    Products:
    All Huel products

  76. Nutrient: Potassium
    Claim: Helps support muscle function40,41
    Products:
    All Huel products

  77. Nutrient: Potassium
    Claim: May help support blood pressure readings already in the normal range as part of a healthy diet40,41
    Products:
    All Huel products

  78. Nutrient: Protein
    Claim: Helps support the growth of healthy muscles42,43
    Products:
    All Huel products except Daily Greens and Energy+

  79. Nutrient: Protein
    Claim: Helps support the maintenance of healthy muscles42,43
    Products:
    All Huel products except Daily Greens and Energy+

  80. Nutrient: Protein
    Claim: Helps support healthy bones42,43
    Products:
    All Huel products except Daily Greens and Energy+

  81. Nutrient: Protein
    Claim: Contributes to feelings of fullness44,45
    Products:
    All Huel products except Daily Greens and Energy+

  82. Nutrient: Riboflavin
    Claim: Helps support metabolic functions46,47
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  83. Nutrient: Riboflavin
    Claim: Supports cellular energy production46,47
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  84. Nutrient: Riboflavin
    Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system46,47
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  85. Nutrient: Riboflavin
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes46,48
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  86. Nutrient: Riboflavin
    Claim: Plays an important role in red blood cell production46,47
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  87. Nutrient: Riboflavin
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin46,47
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  88. Nutrient: Riboflavin
    Claim: Helps support normal vision46,47
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  89. Nutrient: Riboflavin
    Claim: Plays a role in iron metabolism46,49
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  90. Nutrient: Riboflavin
    Claim: Is known to provide antioxidant support46,50
    Products:
    All Huel products except Energy+

  91. Nutrient: Selenium
    Claim: Helps support healthy sperm51,52
    Products:
    All Huel products

  92. Nutrient: Selenium
    Claim: Supports healthy hair51,53
    Products:
    All Huel products

  93. Nutrient: Selenium
    Claim: May support healthy nails51,53
    Products:
    All Huel products

  94. Nutrient: Selenium
    Claim: Supports a healthy immune system51,54
    Products:
    All Huel products

  95. Nutrient: Selenium
    Claim: Supports a healthy thyroid51,53
    Products:
    All Huel products

  96. Nutrient: Selenium
    Claim: Is known to provide antioxidant support51,53
    Products:
    All Huel products

  97. Nutrient: Thiamin
    Claim: Helps support metabolic functions55,56
    Products:
    All Huel products

  98. Nutrient: Thiamin
    Claim: Supports a healthy nervous system55, 57
    Products:
    All Huel products

  99. Nutrient: Thiamin
    Claim: Helps support healthy brain function55,58
    Products:
    All Huel products

  100. Nutrient: Thiamin
    Claim: Helps support healthy heart function55,56
    Products:
    All Huel products

  101. Nutrient: Vitamin A
    Claim: Plays a role in iron metabolism59,60
    Products:
    All Huel products

  102. Nutrient: Vitamin A
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes59,61
    Products:
    All Huel products

  103. Nutrient: Vitamin A
    Claim: Helps support healthy skin59,60
    Products:
    All Huel products

  104. Nutrient: Vitamin A
    Claim: Helps support healthy vision59,60
    Products:
    All Huel products

  105. Nutrient: Vitamin A
    Claim: Helps support a healthy immune system59,60
    Products:
    All Huel products

  106. Nutrient: Vitamin A
    Claim: Helps support normal cell division59,60
    Products:
    All Huel products

  107. Nutrient: Vitamin B12
    Claim: Helps support metabolic functions62,63
    Products:
    All Huel products

  108. Nutrient: Vitamin B12
    Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system63,64
    Products:
    All Huel products

  109. Nutrient: Vitamin B12
    Claim: Helps convert food into (cellular) energy62,63
    Products:
    All Huel products

  110. Nutrient: Vitamin B12
    Claim: Supports healthy cognitive function64,65
    Products:
    All Huel products

  111. Nutrient: Vitamin B12
    Claim: Contributes to normal red blood cell formation62,63
    Products:
    All Huel products

  112. Nutrient: Vitamin B12
    Claim: Plays a role in energy metabolism62,63
    Products:
    All Huel products

  113. Nutrient: Vitamin B12
    Claim: Helps support proper cell function62,66
    Products:
    All Huel products

  114. Nutrient: Vitamin B6
    Claim: Plays a role in amino acid metabolism67,68
    Products:
    All Huel products

  115. Nutrient: Vitamin B6
    Claim: Plays a critical role in healthy metabolic activity67,69
    Products:
    All Huel products

  116. Nutrient: Vitamin B6
    Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system67
    Products:
    All Huel products

  117. Nutrient: Vitamin B6
    Claim: Helps convert food into cellular energy67,69
    Products:
    All Huel products

  118. Nutrient: Vitamin B6
    Claim: Contributes to normal protein and glycogen metabolism67,69
    Products:
    All Huel products

  119. Nutrient: Vitamin B6
    Claim: Supports healthy cognitive function70,71
    Products:
    All Huel products

  120. Nutrient: Vitamin B6
    Claim: Contributes to normal red blood cell formation67,69
    Products:
    All Huel products

  121. Nutrient: Vitamin B6
    Claim: Helps support a healthy immune system67,69
    Products:
    All Huel products

  122. Nutrient: Vitamin C
    Claim: Helps support a healthy immune system72,73
    Products:
    All Huel products

  123. Nutrient: Vitamin C
    Claim: Plays a role in the biosynthesis of collagen72,73
    Products:
    All Huel products

  124. Nutrient: Vitamin C
    Claim: Plays a role in protein metabolism72,73
    Products:
    All Huel products

  125. Nutrient: Vitamin C
    Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system72,74
    Products:
    All Huel products

  126. Nutrient: Vitamin C
    Claim: Is an antioxidant72,73
    Products:
    All Huel products

  127. Nutrient: Vitamin C
    Claim: Helps support metabolic functions72,73
    Products:
    All Huel products

  128. Nutrient: Vitamin C
    Claim: Contributes to the regeneration of the reduced form of vitamin E72,73
    Products:
    All Huel products

  129. Nutrient: Vitamin C
    Claim: Helps support iron absorption72,73
    Products:
    All Huel products

  130. Nutrient: Vitamin D
    Claim: Contributes to the utilization of calcium and phosphorus75,76
    Products:
    All Huel products

  131. Nutrient: Vitamin D
    Claim: Helps maintain normal calcium levels75,76
    Products:
    All Huel products

  132. Nutrient: Vitamin D
    Claim: Helps support bone health75,76
    Products:
    All Huel products

  133. Nutrient: Vitamin D
    Claim: May help support normal muscle function76,77
    Products:
    All Huel products

  134. Nutrient: Vitamin D
    Claim: May help support the health of teeth75,76
    Products:
    All Huel products

  135. Nutrient: Vitamin D
    Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system76,77
    Products:
    All Huel products

  136. Nutrient: Vitamin D
    Claim: Helps support normal cell division75,78
    Products:
    All Huel products

  137. Nutrient: Vitamin E
    Claim: Provides antioxidant support79,80
    Products:
    All Huel products

  138. Nutrient: Vitamin K
    Claim: Plays a role in healthy blood clotting81,82
    Products: All Huel products

  139. Nutrient: Vitamin K
    Claim: Helps support bone health81,82
    Products:
    All Huel products

  140. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Plays a key role in cellular metabolism83,84
    Products:
    All Huel products

  141. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism83,84
    Products:
    All Huel products

  142. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Contributes to normal metabolism of vitamin A83,85
    Products:
    All Huel products

  143. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Contributes to normal protein production83,84
    Products:
    All Huel products

  144. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones83,86
    Products:
    All Huel products

  145. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal hair87
    Products:
    All Huel products

  146. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal nails87
    Products:
    All Huel products

  147. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin87
    Products:
    All Huel products

  148. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Helps support eye health83,84
    Products:
    All Huel products

  149. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system83,84
    Products:
    All Huel products

  150. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Provides antioxidant support83,88
    Products:
    All Huel products

  151. Nutrient: Zinc
    Claim: Helps support normal cell division83,84
    Products:
    All Huel products

  152. Nutrient: Dietary Fiber
    Claim: Helps support digestive health by promoting bowel regularity89, 90
    Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein Bar, Complete Protein, Daily Greens, Hot & Savory Noodles and Pasta, and Energy+

  153. Nutrient: Dietary Fiber
    Claim: Is good for gut health91, 92
    Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein, Daily Greens,
    Hot & Savory Noodles and Pasta, and Energy+

  154. Nutrient: Good source of Fatty Acids
    Claim: Helps support a healthy heart93
    Products:
    All Huel products except Complete Protein and Complete Nutrition Bar, Daily Greens (Watermelon and Lemon & Ginger), and Energy+

  155. Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin A
    Claim: Maintains cell integrity94,95
    Products:
    All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Daily Superblend

  156. Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin C
    Claim: Maintains cell integrity94,95
    Products:
    All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

  157. Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin E
    Claim: Maintains cell integrity94,95
    Products:
    All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

  158. Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin A
    Claim: Is important for a proper functioning immune system96,97
    Products:
    All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

  159. Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin C
    Claim: Is important for a proper functioning immune system96,97
    Products:
    All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend

  160. Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin E
    Claim: Is important for a proper functioning immune system96,97
    Products:
    All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and  Superblend.

References

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  2. Haghighatdoost F, et al. Does alpha-lipoic acid affect lipid profile? A meta-analysis and systematic review on randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019; 847:1-10.

  3. Harvard T.H. Chan. Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2014/11/05/dietary-linoleic-acid-and-risk-of-coronary-heart-disease/]

  4. Froyen E, et al. The Effects of Linoleic Acid Consumption on Lipid Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in Healthy Individuals: A Review of Human Intervention Trials. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2329.

  5. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to biotin and energy-yielding metabolism (ID 114, 117), macronutrient metabolism (ID 113, 114, 117), maintenance of skin and mucous membranes (ID 115), maintenance of hair (ID 118, 2876) and function of the nervous system (ID 116) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061. EFSA Journal. 2009. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1209]

  6. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Biotin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional/]

  7. Harvard T.H. Chan. Calcium. Date Accessed: 26/01/22. [Available from:

    https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium/]

  8. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to calcium and maintenance of normal bone and teeth (ID 2731, 3155, 4311, 4312, 4703), maintenance of normal hair and nails (ID 399, 3155), maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 349, 1893), maintenance of normal blood HDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 349, 1893), reduction in the severity of symptoms related to the premenstrual syndrome (ID 348, 1892), “cell membrane permeability” (ID 363), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 232), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 233), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 228, 229) and regulation of normal cell division and differentiation (ID 237) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. [Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1725]

  9. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Calcium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

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    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002417.htm]

  12. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to choline and contribution to normal lipid metabolism (ID 3186), maintenance of normal liver function (ID 1501), contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 3090), maintenance of normal neurological function (ID 1502), contribution to normal cognitive function (ID 1502), and brain and neurological development (ID 1503) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061. EFSA Journal. 2011. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2056]

  13. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Choline. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/]

  14. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to chromium and contribution to normal macronutrient metabolism (ID 260, 401, 4665, 4666, 4667), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 262, 4667), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 339, 4665, 4666), and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 261) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1732]

  15. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Chromium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Chromium-HealthProfessional/]

  16. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to copper and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 263, 1726), function of the immune system (ID 264), maintenance of connective tissues (ID 265, 271, 1722), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 266), function of the nervous system (ID 267), maintenance of skin and hair pigmentation (ID 268, 1724), iron transport (ID 269, 270, 1727), cholesterol metabolism (ID 369), and glucose metabolism (ID 369) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1211]

  17. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Copper. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/]

  18. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to folate and blood formation (ID 79), homocysteine metabolism (ID 80), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 90), function of the immune system (ID 91), function of blood vessels (ID 94, 175, 192), cell division (ID 193), and maternal tissue growth during pregnancy (ID 2882) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1213]

  19. Suliburska J, et al. Evaluation of folate concentration in amniotic fluid and maternal and umbilical cord blood during labor. Arch Med Sci. 2019; 15(6):1425-32.

  20. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Folate. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/]

  21. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to folate and contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 81, 85, 86, 88), maintenance of normal vision (ID 83, 87), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 84), cell division (ID 195, 2881) and contribution to normal amino acid synthesis (ID 195, 2881) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1760]

  22. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to iodine and thyroid function and production of thyroid hormones (ID 274), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 274), maintenance of vision (ID 356), maintenance of hair (ID 370), maintenance of nails (ID 370), and maintenance of skin (ID 370) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1214]

  23. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Folate. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/]

  24. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to iron and formation of red blood cells and haemoglobin (ID 249, ID 1589), oxygen transport (ID 250, ID 254, ID 256), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 251, ID 1589), function of the immune system (ID 252, ID 259), cognitive function (ID 253) and cell division (ID 368) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1215]

  25. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Chromium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/]

  26. MedlinePlus. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://medlineplus.gov/fluidandelectrolytebalance.html]

  27. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to magnesium and “hormonal health” (ID 243), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 244), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 245, 246), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 342), maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 344, 366, 379), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 351), maintenance of the normal function of the immune system (ID 352), maintenance of normal blood pressure during pregnancy (ID 367), resistance to mental stress (ID 375, 381), reduction of gastric acid levels (ID 376), maintenance of normal fat metabolism (ID 378) and maintenance of normal muscle contraction (ID 380, ID 3083) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1807]

  28. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Magnesium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/]

  29. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to manganese and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 309), maintenance of bone (ID 310), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 311), and cognitive function (ID 340) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1217]

  30. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Manganese. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Manganese-HealthProfessional/]

  31. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to molybdenum and contribution to normal amino acid metabolism (ID 313) and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 341) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. EFSA Journal. 2010. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1745]

  32. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Molybdenum. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/]

  33. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to niacin and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 47), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 51), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 55), maintenance of normal blood flow (ID 211), and maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes (ID 4700) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: hhttps://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1757]

  34. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Niacin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/]

  35. Harvard T.H. Chan. Niacin – Vitamin B3. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/niacin-vitamin-b3/]

  36. Harvard T.H. Chan. Pantothenic Acid – Vitamin B5. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/pantothenic-acid-vitamin-b5/]

  37. Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. Pantothenic Acid. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/pantothenic-acid]

  38. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to phosphorus and function of cell membranes (ID 328), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 329, 373), and maintenance of bone and teeth (ID 324, 327) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1219]

  39. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Phosphorus. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Phosphorus-HealthProfessional/]

  40. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to potassium and maintenance of normal muscular and neurological function (ID 320, 386) and maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 321) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. EFSA Journal. 2010. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1469]

  41. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Potassium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Potassium-HealthProfessional/]

  42. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to protein and increase in satiety leading to a reduction in energy intake (ID 414, 616, 730), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 414, 616, 730), maintenance of normal bone (ID 416) and growth or maintenance of muscle mass (ID 415, 417, 593, 594, 595, 715) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1811]

  43. Carbone JW, et al. Dietary Protein and Muscle Mass: Translating Science to Application and Health Benefit. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):1136.

  44. Dhillon J, et al. The Effects of Increased Protein Intake on Fullness: A Meta-Analysis and Its Limitations. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016; 116(6):968-83.

  45. Weigle DS, et al. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82(1):41-8.

  46. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to riboflavin (vitamin B2) and contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 29, 35, 36, 42), contribution to normal metabolism of iron (ID 30, 37), maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes (ID 31, 33), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 32), maintenance of normal bone (ID 33), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 33), maintenance of normal hair (ID 33), maintenance of normal nails (ID 33), maintenance of normal vision (ID 39), maintenance of normal red blood cells (ID 40), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 41), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 207), and maintenance of the normal function of the nervous system (ID 213) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814]

  47. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Riboflavin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/]

  48. Suwannasom N, et al. Riboflavin: The Health Benefits of a Forgotten Natural Vitamin. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(3):950.

  49. Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. Riboflavin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/riboflavin]

  50. Ashoori M, et al. Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) and oxidative stress: a review. Br J Nutr. 2014; 111(11):1985-91.

  51. Boitani C, et al. Selenium, a key element in spermatogenesis and male fertility. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008; 636:65-73.

  52. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to selenium and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 277, 283, 286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1751), function of the immune system (ID 278), thyroid function (ID 279, 282, 286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293), function of the heart and blood vessels (ID 280), prostate function (ID 284), cognitive function (ID 285) and spermatogenesis (ID 396) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1220]

  53. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Selenium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional]

  54. Huang Z, et al. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012; 16(7):705-43.

  55. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on substantiation of health claims related to thiamine and energy-yielding metabolism (ID 21, 24, 28), cardiac function (ID 20), function of the nervous system (ID 22, 27), maintenance of bone (ID 25), maintenance of teeth (ID 25), maintenance of hair (ID 25), maintenance of nails (ID 25), maintenance of skin (ID 25) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1222]

  56. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Thiamin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional/]

  57. Calderón-Ospina CA, et al. B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020; 26(1):5-13.

  58. Dhir S, et al. Neurological, Psychiatric, and Biochemical Aspects of Thiamine Deficiency in Children and Adults. Front Psychiatry. 2019; 10:207-.

  59. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin A and cell differentiation (ID 14), function of the immune system (ID 14), maintenance of skin and mucous membranes (ID 15, 17), maintenance of vision (ID 16), maintenance of bone (ID 13, 17), maintenance of teeth (ID 13, 17), maintenance of hair (ID 17), maintenance of nails (ID 17), metabolism of iron (ID 206), and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 209) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1221]

  60. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin A. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/]

  61. Huang Z, et al. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. J Clin Med. 2018; 7(9):258.

  62. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B12 and red blood cell formation (ID 92, 101), cell division (ID 93), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 99, 190) and function of the immune system (ID 107) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1223]

  63. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin B12. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/]

  64. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B12 and contribution to normal neurological and psychological functions (ID 95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 109), contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 96, 103, 106), maintenance of normal bone (ID 104), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 104), maintenance of normal hair (ID 104), maintenance of normal skin (ID 104), maintenance of normal nails (ID 104), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 108), and cell division (ID 212) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1756]

  65. Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy--A Review. Nutrients. 2016; 8(2):68-.

  66. Harvard T.H. Chan. Vitamin B12. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:

    https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-b12/]

  67. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6 and protein and glycogen metabolism (ID 65, 70, 71), function of the nervous system (ID 66), red blood cell formation (ID 67, 72, 186), function of the immune system (ID 68), regulation of hormonal activity (ID 69) and mental performance (ID 185) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1225]

  68. Dalto DB, et al. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆) and the Glutathione Peroxidase System; a Link between One-Carbon Metabolism and Antioxidation. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3):189.

  69. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin B6. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/]

  70. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6 and contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 73, 76, 199), maintenance of normal bone (ID 74), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 74), maintenance of normal hair (ID 74), maintenance of normal skin (ID 74), maintenance of normal nails (ID 74), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 75, 214), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 77), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 78), and contribution to normal cysteine synthesis (ID 4283) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1759]

  71. Malouf R, et al. The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (4):Cd004393.

  72. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin C and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 139, 2622), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 140), regeneration of the reduced form of vitamin E (ID 202), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 2334, 3196), maintenance of the normal function of the immune system (ID 4321) and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 3331) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1815]

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