What are the Health Benefits of Huel?

'Is Huel healthy?' is a question we get asked a lot – here are just a few reasons why Huel is good for you.

An image showing the range of Huel products

First things first – we know that health claims aren’t sexy or fun, but science and nutrition are at the heart of what we do at Huel, so it's pretty important that we walk the walk when it comes to talking about how healthy Huel is.

Each of the vitamins, minerals, and nutrients in every Huel meal has a role to play in helping your body run smoothly. Each one of these health benefits – and they vary between all the different Huel products – has been scientifically backed and EU-approved, and we've broken them all down so you don't have to.

The nutritional and, thereby, the number of health claims may vary between flavors of each Huel product type.

Nutrient: Alpha-linolenic acid
Claim: May help maintain normal cholesterol levels
Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, Daily Greens (Watermelon and Lemon & Ginger), and Energy+¹^,²
Nutrient: Linoleic acid
Claim: May help manage cholesterol levels already within a normal range as part of an overall healthy diet³^,⁴
Products: Powder v3.1, Black Edition, Huel Essential, RTD v1.0 & v2.0, and Black Edition RTD
Nutrient: Biotin
Claim: Plays a role in important metabolic functions⁵^,⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Biotin
Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system⁵^,⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Biotin
Claim: Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism⁵^,⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Biotin
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal hair⁵^,⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Biotin
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes⁵^,⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Biotin
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin⁵^,⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Calcium
Claim: Plays an important role in normal blood clotting⁷^,⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Calcium
Claim: Helps support metabolic functions⁸^,⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Calcium
Claim: Contributes to normal muscle function⁸^,⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Calcium
Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system⁸^,⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Calcium
Claim: Contributes to the normal function of digestive enzymes⁸^,⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Calcium
Claim: Plays an important role in normal cell division⁸^,⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Calcium
Claim: Needed for the maintenance of normal bones⁸^,⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Calcium
Claim: Builds strong bones⁸^,⁹
Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, Daily Greens (Watermelon and Lemon & Ginger) and Energy+
Nutrient: Calcium
Claim: Is needed for the maintenance of normal teeth⁸^,⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Chloride
Claim: Helps contribute to normal digestion¹¹
Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens
Nutrient: Choline
Claim: Contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism¹²
Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens
Nutrient: Choline
Claim: Contributes to normal lipid metabolism¹²^,¹³
Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens
Nutrient: Choline
Claim: Helps support a healthy liver¹²^,¹³
Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens
Nutrient: Chromium
Claim: Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism¹⁴^,¹⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Chromium
Claim: Helps maintain blood glucose levels already in the normal range¹⁴^,¹⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Copper
Claim: Helps support healthy connective tissues¹⁶^,¹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Copper
Claim: Plays a role in cellular energy production¹⁶^,¹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Copper
Claim: Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system¹⁶^,¹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Copper
Claim: Contributes to normal hair pigmentation¹⁶^,¹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Copper
Claim: Contributes to normal iron transport in the body¹⁶^,¹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Copper
Claim: Contributes to normal skin pigmentation¹⁶^,¹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Copper
Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system¹⁶^,¹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Copper
Claim: Is a known antioxidant¹⁶^,¹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Folate
Claim: Helps support a healthy pregnancy¹⁸^,¹⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Folate
Claim: Contributes to normal amino acid synthesis¹⁸^,²⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Folate
Claim: Helps support healthy red blood cells¹⁸^,²⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Folate
Claim: Contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism¹⁸^,²⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Folate
Claim: Helps support healthy brain function²⁰^,²¹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Folate
Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system¹⁸^,²⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Folate
Claim: Helps support cell production and maintenance¹⁸^,²⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iodine
Claim: Plays a critical role in healthy metabolic activity²²^,²³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iodine
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin²²
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iodine
Claim: Helps maintain thyroid health²²^,²³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iron
Claim: Supports brain health²⁴^,²⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iron
Claim: Plays a critical role in muscle metabolism²⁴^,²⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iron
Claim: Contributes to normal formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin²⁴^,²⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iron
Claim: Contributes to normal oxygen transport in the body²⁴^,²⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iron
Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system²⁴^,²⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iron
Claim: Plays a role in energy production²⁴^,²⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Iron
Claim: Helps support cell production and maintenance²⁴^,²⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Magnesium
Claim: Contributes to electrolyte balance²⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Magnesium
Claim: Plays an important role in glucose metabolism²⁷^,²⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Magnesium
Claim: Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system²⁷^,²⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Magnesium
Claim: Contributes to normal muscle function²⁷^,²⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Magnesium
Claim: Contributes to normal protein synthesis²⁷^,²⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Magnesium
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones²⁷^,²⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Magnesium
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal teeth²⁷
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Magnesium
Claim: Helps support cell production and maintenance²⁷^,²⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Manganese
Claim: Contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism²⁹^,³⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Manganese
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones²⁹^,³⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Manganese
Claim: Helps support bone health²⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Manganese
Claim: Helps support joint health²⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Manganese
Claim: Is known to provide antioxidant support²⁹^,³⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Molybdenum
Claim: Helps support metabolic functions³¹^,³²
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Niacin
Claim: Helps support metabolic functions³³^,³⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Niacin
Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system³³^,³⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Niacin
Claim: Helps support brain health³³^,³⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Niacin
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes³³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Niacin
Claim: Helps support healthy skin³³^,³⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Niacin
Claim: Helps convert nutrients into cellular energy³³^,³⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Pantothenic Acid
Claim: Helps support metabolic functions³⁵^,³⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Pantothenic Acid
Claim: Contributes to normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones and vitamin D³⁵^,³⁷
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Phosphorus
Claim: Helps support metabolic functions³⁸^,³⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Phosphorus
Claim: Is an essential structural component of cell membranes³⁸^,³⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Phosphorus
Claim: Supports bone health³⁸^,³⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Phosphorus
Claim: Supports healthy teeth³⁸^,³⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Potassium
Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system⁴⁰^,⁴¹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Potassium
Claim: Helps support muscle function⁴⁰^,⁴¹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Potassium
Claim: May help support blood pressure readings already in the normal range as part of a healthy diet⁴⁰^,⁴¹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Protein
Claim: Helps support the growth of healthy muscles⁴²^,⁴³
Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens and Energy+
Nutrient: Protein
Claim: Helps support the maintenance of healthy muscles⁴²^,⁴³
Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens and Energy+
Nutrient: Protein
Claim: Helps support healthy bones⁴²^,⁴³
Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens and Energy+
Nutrient: Protein
Claim: Contributes to feelings of fullness⁴⁴^,⁴⁵
Products: All Huel products except Daily Greens and Energy+
Nutrient: Riboflavin
Claim: Helps support metabolic functions⁴⁶^,⁴⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Riboflavin
Claim: Supports cellular energy production⁴⁶^,⁴⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Riboflavin
Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system⁴⁶^,⁴⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Riboflavin
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes⁴⁶^,⁴⁸
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Riboflavin
Claim: Plays an important role in red blood cell production⁴⁶^,⁴⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Riboflavin
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin⁴⁶^,⁴⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Riboflavin
Claim: Helps support normal vision⁴⁶^,⁴⁷
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Riboflavin
Claim: Plays a role in iron metabolism⁴⁶^,⁴⁹
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Riboflavin
Claim: Is known to provide antioxidant support⁴⁶^,⁵⁰
Products: All Huel products except Energy+
Nutrient: Selenium
Claim: Helps support healthy sperm⁵¹^,⁵²
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Selenium
Claim: Supports healthy hair⁵¹^,⁵³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Selenium
Claim: May support healthy nails⁵¹^,⁵³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Selenium
Claim: Supports a healthy immune system⁵¹^,⁵⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Selenium
Claim: Supports a healthy thyroid⁵¹^,⁵³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Selenium
Claim: Is known to provide antioxidant support⁵¹^,⁵³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Thiamin
Claim: Helps support metabolic functions⁵⁵^,⁵⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Thiamin
Claim: Supports a healthy nervous system⁵⁵^,⁵⁷
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Thiamin
Claim: Helps support healthy brain function⁵⁵^,⁵⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Thiamin
Claim: Helps support healthy heart function⁵⁵^,⁵⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin A
Claim: Plays a role in iron metabolism⁵⁹^,⁶⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin A
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal mucous membranes⁵⁹^,⁶¹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin A
Claim: Helps support healthy skin⁵⁹^,⁶⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin A
Claim: Helps support healthy vision⁵⁹^,⁶⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin A
Claim: Helps support a healthy immune system⁵⁹^,⁶⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin A
Claim: Helps support normal cell division⁵⁹^,⁶⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B12
Claim: Helps support metabolic functions⁶²^,⁶³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B12
Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system⁶³^,⁶⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B12
Claim: Helps convert food into (cellular) energy⁶²^,⁶³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B12
Claim: Supports healthy cognitive function⁶⁴^,⁶⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B12
Claim: Contributes to normal red blood cell formation⁶²^,⁶³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B12
Claim: Plays a role in energy metabolism⁶²^,⁶³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B12
Claim: Helps support proper cell function⁶²^,⁶⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B6
Claim: Plays a role in amino acid metabolism⁶⁷^,⁶⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B6
Claim: Plays a critical role in healthy metabolic activity⁶⁷^,⁶⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B6
Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system⁶⁷
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B6
Claim: Helps convert food into cellular energy⁶⁷^,⁶⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B6
Claim: Contributes to normal protein and glycogen metabolism⁶⁷^,⁶⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B6
Claim: Supports healthy cognitive function⁷⁰^,⁷¹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B6
Claim: Contributes to normal red blood cell formation⁶⁷^,⁶⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin B6
Claim: Helps support a healthy immune system⁶⁷^,⁶⁹
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin C
Claim: Helps support a healthy immune system⁷²^,⁷³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin C
Claim: Plays a role in the biosynthesis of collagen⁷²^,⁷³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin C
Claim: Plays a role in protein metabolism⁷²^,⁷³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin C
Claim: Helps support a healthy nervous system⁷²^,⁷⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin C
Claim: Is an antioxidant⁷²^,⁷³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin C
Claim: Helps support metabolic functions⁷²^,⁷³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin C
Claim: Contributes to the regeneration of the reduced form of vitamin E⁷²^,⁷³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin C
Claim: Helps support iron absorption⁷²^,⁷³
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin D
Claim: Contributes to the utilization of calcium and phosphorus⁷⁵^,⁷⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin D
Claim: Helps maintain normal calcium levels⁷⁵^,⁷⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin D
Claim: Helps support bone health⁷⁵^,⁷⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin D
Claim: May help support normal muscle function⁷⁶^,⁷⁷
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin D
Claim: May help support the health of teeth⁷⁵^,⁷⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin D
Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system⁷⁶^,⁷⁷
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin D
Claim: Helps support normal cell division⁷⁵^,⁷⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin E
Claim: Provides antioxidant support⁷⁹^,⁸⁰
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin K
Claim: Plays a role in healthy blood clotting⁸¹^,⁸²
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Vitamin K
Claim: Helps support bone health⁸¹^,⁸²
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Plays a key role in cellular metabolism⁸³^,⁸⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism⁸³^,⁸⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Contributes to normal metabolism of vitamin A⁸³^,⁸⁵
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Contributes to normal protein production⁸³^,⁸⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal bones⁸³^,⁸⁶
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal hair⁸⁷
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal nails⁸⁷
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Contributes to the maintenance of normal skin⁸⁷
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Helps support eye health⁸³^,⁸⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Contributes to the normal function of the immune system⁸³^,⁸⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Provides antioxidant support⁸³^,⁸⁸
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Zinc
Claim: Helps support normal cell division⁸³^,⁸⁴
Products: All Huel products
Nutrient: Dietary Fiber
Claim: Helps support digestive health by promoting bowel regularity⁸⁹^,⁹⁰
Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein Bar, Complete Protein, Daily Greens, Hot & Savory Noodles and Pasta, and Energy+
Nutrient: Dietary Fiber
Claim: Is good for gut health⁹¹^,⁹²
Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein, Daily Greens,
Hot & Savory Noodles and Pasta, and Energy+
Nutrient: Good source of Fatty Acids
Claim: Helps support a healthy heart⁹³
Products: All Huel products except Complete Protein and Complete Nutrition Bar, Daily Greens (Watermelon and Lemon & Ginger), and Energy+
Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin A
Claim: Maintains cell integrity⁹⁴^,⁹⁵
Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Daily Superblend
Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin C
Claim: Maintains cell integrity⁹⁴^,⁹⁵
Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend
Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin E
Claim: Maintains cell integrity⁹⁴^,⁹⁵
Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend
Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin A
Claim: Is important for a proper functioning immune system⁹⁶^,⁹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend
Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin C
Claim: Is important for a proper functioning immune system⁹⁶^,⁹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend
Nutrient: The antioxidant Vitamin E
Claim: Is important for a proper functioning immune system⁹⁶^,⁹⁷
Products: All Huel products except Huel Essential, Complete Protein, Complete Nutrition Bar, and Superblend.

References

Farvid MS, et al. Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation. 2014; 130(18):1568-78.
Haghighatdoost F, et al. Does alpha-lipoic acid affect lipid profile? A meta-analysis and systematic review on randomized controlled trials. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019; 847:1-10.
Harvard T.H. Chan. Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2014/11/05/dietary-linoleic-acid-and-risk-of-coronary-heart-disease/]
Froyen E, et al. The Effects of Linoleic Acid Consumption on Lipid Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease in Healthy Individuals: A Review of Human Intervention Trials. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2329.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to biotin and energy-yielding metabolism (ID 114, 117), macronutrient metabolism (ID 113, 114, 117), maintenance of skin and mucous membranes (ID 115), maintenance of hair (ID 118, 2876) and function of the nervous system (ID 116) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061. EFSA Journal. 2009. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1209]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Biotin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Biotin-HealthProfessional/]
Harvard T.H. Chan. Calcium. Date Accessed: 26/01/22. [Available from:
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to calcium and maintenance of normal bone and teeth (ID 2731, 3155, 4311, 4312, 4703), maintenance of normal hair and nails (ID 399, 3155), maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 349, 1893), maintenance of normal blood HDL-cholesterol concentrations (ID 349, 1893), reduction in the severity of symptoms related to the premenstrual syndrome (ID 348, 1892), “cell membrane permeability” (ID 363), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 232), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 233), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 228, 229) and regulation of normal cell division and differentiation (ID 237) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. [Available from: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1725]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Calcium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/]
Slavin J, et al. Carbohydrates. Adv Nutr. 2014; 5(6):760-1.
MedlinePlus. Chloride in diet. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002417.htm]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to choline and contribution to normal lipid metabolism (ID 3186), maintenance of normal liver function (ID 1501), contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 3090), maintenance of normal neurological function (ID 1502), contribution to normal cognitive function (ID 1502), and brain and neurological development (ID 1503) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061. EFSA Journal. 2011. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2056]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Choline. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to chromium and contribution to normal macronutrient metabolism (ID 260, 401, 4665, 4666, 4667), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 262, 4667), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 339, 4665, 4666), and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 261) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1732]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Chromium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Chromium-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to copper and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 263, 1726), function of the immune system (ID 264), maintenance of connective tissues (ID 265, 271, 1722), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 266), function of the nervous system (ID 267), maintenance of skin and hair pigmentation (ID 268, 1724), iron transport (ID 269, 270, 1727), cholesterol metabolism (ID 369), and glucose metabolism (ID 369) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1211]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Copper. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to folate and blood formation (ID 79), homocysteine metabolism (ID 80), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 90), function of the immune system (ID 91), function of blood vessels (ID 94, 175, 192), cell division (ID 193), and maternal tissue growth during pregnancy (ID 2882) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1213]
Suliburska J, et al. Evaluation of folate concentration in amniotic fluid and maternal and umbilical cord blood during labor. Arch Med Sci. 2019; 15(6):1425-32.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Folate. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to folate and contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 81, 85, 86, 88), maintenance of normal vision (ID 83, 87), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 84), cell division (ID 195, 2881) and contribution to normal amino acid synthesis (ID 195, 2881) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1760]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to iodine and thyroid function and production of thyroid hormones (ID 274), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 274), maintenance of vision (ID 356), maintenance of hair (ID 370), maintenance of nails (ID 370), and maintenance of skin (ID 370) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1214]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Folate. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to iron and formation of red blood cells and haemoglobin (ID 249, ID 1589), oxygen transport (ID 250, ID 254, ID 256), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 251, ID 1589), function of the immune system (ID 252, ID 259), cognitive function (ID 253) and cell division (ID 368) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1215]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Chromium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/]
MedlinePlus. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://medlineplus.gov/fluidandelectrolytebalance.html]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to magnesium and “hormonal health” (ID 243), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 244), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 245, 246), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 342), maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 344, 366, 379), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 351), maintenance of the normal function of the immune system (ID 352), maintenance of normal blood pressure during pregnancy (ID 367), resistance to mental stress (ID 375, 381), reduction of gastric acid levels (ID 376), maintenance of normal fat metabolism (ID 378) and maintenance of normal muscle contraction (ID 380, ID 3083) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1807]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Magnesium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to manganese and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 309), maintenance of bone (ID 310), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 311), and cognitive function (ID 340) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1217]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Manganese. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Manganese-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to molybdenum and contribution to normal amino acid metabolism (ID 313) and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 341) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. EFSA Journal. 2010. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1745]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Molybdenum. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Molybdenum-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to niacin and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 47), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 51), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 55), maintenance of normal blood flow (ID 211), and maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes (ID 4700) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: hhttps://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1757]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Niacin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/]
Harvard T.H. Chan. Niacin – Vitamin B3. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/niacin-vitamin-b3/]
Harvard T.H. Chan. Pantothenic Acid – Vitamin B5. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/pantothenic-acid-vitamin-b5/]
Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. Pantothenic Acid. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/pantothenic-acid]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to phosphorus and function of cell membranes (ID 328), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 329, 373), and maintenance of bone and teeth (ID 324, 327) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1219]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Phosphorus. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Phosphorus-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to potassium and maintenance of normal muscular and neurological function (ID 320, 386) and maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 321) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. EFSA Journal. 2010. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1469]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Potassium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Potassium-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to protein and increase in satiety leading to a reduction in energy intake (ID 414, 616, 730), contribution to the maintenance or achievement of a normal body weight (ID 414, 616, 730), maintenance of normal bone (ID 416) and growth or maintenance of muscle mass (ID 415, 417, 593, 594, 595, 715) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1811]
Carbone JW, et al. Dietary Protein and Muscle Mass: Translating Science to Application and Health Benefit. Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):1136.
Dhillon J, et al. The Effects of Increased Protein Intake on Fullness: A Meta-Analysis and Its Limitations. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016; 116(6):968-83.
Weigle DS, et al. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82(1):41-8.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to riboflavin (vitamin B2) and contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 29, 35, 36, 42), contribution to normal metabolism of iron (ID 30, 37), maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes (ID 31, 33), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 32), maintenance of normal bone (ID 33), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 33), maintenance of normal hair (ID 33), maintenance of normal nails (ID 33), maintenance of normal vision (ID 39), maintenance of normal red blood cells (ID 40), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 41), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 207), and maintenance of the normal function of the nervous system (ID 213) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1814]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Riboflavin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/]
Suwannasom N, et al. Riboflavin: The Health Benefits of a Forgotten Natural Vitamin. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(3):950.
Oregon State University; Linus Pauling Institute. Riboflavin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/riboflavin]
Ashoori M, et al. Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) and oxidative stress: a review. Br J Nutr. 2014; 111(11):1985-91.
Boitani C, et al. Selenium, a key element in spermatogenesis and male fertility. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008; 636:65-73.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to selenium and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 277, 283, 286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293, 1751), function of the immune system (ID 278), thyroid function (ID 279, 282, 286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1293), function of the heart and blood vessels (ID 280), prostate function (ID 284), cognitive function (ID 285) and spermatogenesis (ID 396) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1220]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Selenium. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional]
Huang Z, et al. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012; 16(7):705-43.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on substantiation of health claims related to thiamine and energy-yielding metabolism (ID 21, 24, 28), cardiac function (ID 20), function of the nervous system (ID 22, 27), maintenance of bone (ID 25), maintenance of teeth (ID 25), maintenance of hair (ID 25), maintenance of nails (ID 25), maintenance of skin (ID 25) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1222]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Thiamin. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional/]
Calderón-Ospina CA, et al. B Vitamins in the nervous system: Current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020; 26(1):5-13.
Dhir S, et al. Neurological, Psychiatric, and Biochemical Aspects of Thiamine Deficiency in Children and Adults. Front Psychiatry. 2019; 10:207-.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin A and cell differentiation (ID 14), function of the immune system (ID 14), maintenance of skin and mucous membranes (ID 15, 17), maintenance of vision (ID 16), maintenance of bone (ID 13, 17), maintenance of teeth (ID 13, 17), maintenance of hair (ID 17), maintenance of nails (ID 17), metabolism of iron (ID 206), and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 209) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1221]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin A. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/]
Huang Z, et al. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. J Clin Med. 2018; 7(9):258.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B12 and red blood cell formation (ID 92, 101), cell division (ID 93), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 99, 190) and function of the immune system (ID 107) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1223]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin B12. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B12 and contribution to normal neurological and psychological functions (ID 95, 97, 98, 100, 102, 109), contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 96, 103, 106), maintenance of normal bone (ID 104), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 104), maintenance of normal hair (ID 104), maintenance of normal skin (ID 104), maintenance of normal nails (ID 104), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 108), and cell division (ID 212) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1756]
Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy--A Review. Nutrients. 2016; 8(2):68-.
Harvard T.H. Chan. Vitamin B12. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamin-b12/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6 and protein and glycogen metabolism (ID 65, 70, 71), function of the nervous system (ID 66), red blood cell formation (ID 67, 72, 186), function of the immune system (ID 68), regulation of hormonal activity (ID 69) and mental performance (ID 185) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1225]
Dalto DB, et al. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B₆) and the Glutathione Peroxidase System; a Link between One-Carbon Metabolism and Antioxidation. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3):189.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin B6. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6 and contribution to normal homocysteine metabolism (ID 73, 76, 199), maintenance of normal bone (ID 74), maintenance of normal teeth (ID 74), maintenance of normal hair (ID 74), maintenance of normal skin (ID 74), maintenance of normal nails (ID 74), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 75, 214), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 77), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 78), and contribution to normal cysteine synthesis (ID 4283) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1759]
Malouf R, et al. The effect of vitamin B6 on cognition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (4):Cd004393.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin C and reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 139, 2622), contribution to normal psychological functions (ID 140), regeneration of the reduced form of vitamin E (ID 202), contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism (ID 2334, 3196), maintenance of the normal function of the immune system (ID 4321) and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 3331) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1815]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin B12. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from:https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/]
Kocot J, et al. Does Vitamin C Influence Neurodegenerative Diseases and Psychiatric Disorders? Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):659.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and maintenance of bone and teeth (ID 150, 151, 158), absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus and maintenance of normal blood calcium concentrations (ID 152, 157), cell division (ID 153), and thyroid function (ID 156) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1227]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin D. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin D and normal function of the immune system and inflammatory response (ID 154, 159), maintenance of normal muscle function (ID 155) and maintenance of normal cardiovascular function (ID 159) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1468]
Samuel S, et al. Vitamin D's role in cell proliferation and differentiation. Nutr Rev. 2008; 66(10 Suppl 2):S116-24.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Vitamin E and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2016. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4588]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin E. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin K and maintenance of bone (ID 123, 127, 128, and 2879), blood coagulation (ID 124 and 126), and function of the heart and blood vessels (ID 124, 125 and 2880) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4588]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Vitamin K. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional/]
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to zinc and function of the immune system (ID 291, 1757), DNA synthesis and cell division (ID 292, 1759), protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 294, 1758), maintenance of bone (ID 295, 1756), cognitive function (ID 296), fertility and reproduction (ID 297, 300), reproductive development (ID 298), muscle function (ID 299), metabolism of fatty acids (ID 302), maintenance of joints (ID 305), function of the heart and blood vessels (ID 306), prostate function (ID 307), thyroid function (ID 308), acid-base metabolism (ID 360), vitamin A metabolism (ID 361) and maintenance of vision (ID 361) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2009. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1229]
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Zinc. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/]
Christian P, et al. Interactions between zinc and vitamin A: an update. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998; 68(2 Suppl):435s-41s.
Yamaguchi M. Role of nutritional zinc in the prevention of osteoporosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2010; 338(1-2):241-54.
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to zinc and maintenance of normal skin (ID 293), DNA synthesis and cell division (ID 293), contribution to normal protein synthesis (ID 293, 4293), maintenance of normal serum testosterone concentrations (ID 301), “normal growth” (ID 303), reduction of tiredness and fatigue (ID 304), contribution to normal carbohydrate metabolism (ID 382), maintenance of normal hair (ID 412), maintenance of normal nails (ID 412) and contribution to normal macronutrient metabolism (ID 2890) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2010. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1819]
Marreiro DdN, et al. Zinc and Oxidative Stress: Current Mechanisms. Antioxidants (Basel). 2017; 6(2):24.
de Vries J, et al. Effects of cereal fiber on bowel function: A systematic review of intervention trials. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21(29):8952-63.
Yang J, et al. Effect of dietary fiber on constipation: a meta analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18(48):7378-83.
Myhrstad MCW, et al. Dietary Fiber, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolic Regulation-Current Status in Human Randomized Trials. Nutrients. 2020; 12(3):859.
Tap J, et al. Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults. Environ Microbiol. 2015; 17(12):4954-64.
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS). Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Date Accessed: 01/26/22. [Available from: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/]
Shafi S, et al. The Impact of Natural Antioxidants on the Regenerative Potential of Vascular Cells. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019; 6:28-.
Cabrera MP, et al. Antioxidants and the integrity of ocular tissues. Vet Med Int. 2011; 2011:905153-.
Puertollano MA, et al. Dietary antioxidants: immunity and host defense. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011; 11(14):1752-66.
Maggini S, et al. Immune Function and Micronutrient Requirements Change over the Life Course. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1531.

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